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GEOGRAPHY - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Heat from the sun causes the water from lakes, rivers, oceans and the surface layers of the soil to change to water vapour(Evaporation). Plants also give out water vapour through their leaves(Transpration).
    - - Water vapour rises into the atmosphere and cools, becoming water droplets
    - - When more and more of these water droplets come together to from clouds, they become too heavy and falls back to the earth's surface. This includes all forms of water such as rain and snow.
    - - Some of the water that falls to the ground seeps into the soil. The water that is stored in the soil is called groundwater.
    - - The rest of the water that does not seep into the soil flows over earth's surface, down hills and mountains into rivers, lakes and eventually seas.
  - - - Consumption
        -Drinking
        -Cooking
      - Hygiene
        -Bathing
        -Flushing the toilet
        -Washing clothes👕👚
      - Amenity Use
        -Watering of plants
        -Washing of car🚗
    - - Industrial(22%)
        
        Water is used to manufacture, maintain and cool generators
      - Agriculture(70%)
        
        Uses the greatest amount of water globally
        
        Refers to the growing of crops for human use, mainly for food
  - - - Surface water(1.3%)
        
        Rivers(2%)
        
        Swamps(11%)
        
        Lakes(87%)
      - Groundwater(30.1%)
      - Ice caps and glaciers(68.6%)
  - - - World population growth
        
        As the number of people on earth increases, so does the need for food. Water consumption will then increase, and so does the amount of water needed for animal production would increase as it is extremely water intensive
      - Affluence
        
        Being affluent means having more wealth and being able to live more comfortably. With an increasing wealth, people's lifestyle changes.
        
        Water used for ornamental purposes and leisure(Lifestyle)
        -Fountains (Ornamental)
        -Swimming Pools (Leisure)
        
        Piped water(Lifestyle)
        -Showers
        -Flush toilets
        
        More meat consumed(Goods)🍗
        
        More goods purchased(Lifestyle)
        -The textile industry will use more water to produce more goods
        
        More water-intensive appliances used
        -Dishwashers
        -Washing macines
    - - Seasonal Rainfall
        
        Uneven distribution of water causes the timing and amount of rainfall to be very crucial for the harvesting of crops.
      - Water Pollution
        
        Pollution is the introduction of substances into the natural environment that results in unpleasent and damaging effects to the environment and human health
        
        Sources:
        -Industrial
        -Agriculture
        -Human waste💩
  - - - Increased difficulty in collecting water
        -Women in Africa have to walk up to 6 kilometres just to collect water at a well, and the water might be dirty, causing water-borne diseases like cholera
      - Water rationing
        -To make water avaliable only at certain times of the day.
    - - Reduced agricultural yields
        
        When water supply drops, so does the crop yield. Less food will be produced and people might die from starvation
      - Increased cost of industrial production
        
        As power plants require a lot of water to cool parts of generators, some power plants will reduce their power output. This increases the price of power and affected the cost of production in other industries.
    - - Conflict over water supply
        
        Problems may arise when other countries tap into the same water resource, reducing the amount avaliable to another countries.
  - - - Pricing of water
        
        The more water you use, the higher the tax rate
      - Public education
        
        Allows people to know the importance of water in their lives, making lasting positive changes.
    - - Local catchment water
      - Imported water
      - NEWater
      - Desalinated water
- - - - Water catchment is an area drained by a river and the smaller rivers that flow into it. When it rains in tropical rainforests, the trees prevent it from seeping into the ground. The rain water slowly drips from the leaves of the trees and seeps into the ground and is stored as groundwater. Thus, rainforests are large water catchment areas. Impurities are also trapped in the soil when it flows into reservoirs.This shows that the water that flows into the reservoirs are clean.
    - - Like our lungs that help us to breathe, tropical rainforests help the earth to "breathe". Tropical rainforests take in carbon doixide from the atmosphere and give out oxygen through photosynthesis. More than 20% of the earth's oxygen is estimated to be generated by the Amazon Rainforest alone. Tropical rainforests also absorb 2.4 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide per year, including one-third of the carbon dioxide emitted when burning fossil fuels.
    - - About 60 million people are fully dependent on the forest. Many of them have been living in the rainforests for thousands of years. They are the original inhabitants of a country.
        
        Hunter-gatherers hunt, fish and gather wild fruit and nuts.
        
        Shifting Cultivators grow their own plants for fruits and vegetables.
    - - Tropical Rainforests are home to more than 2 million species, which represent over half of the world's species of plants, animals, insects and a great variety of fungi
    - - Tropical hardwoods like teak, mahagony, ebony and meranti and valued for their strength, beauty, durability and texture
    - - Many of the foods from tropical rainforests have cancer-fighting properties.
  - - - Agricultural Activities🌿
        
        Refers to the growing of crops and raising of animals to provide food.
      - Logging
        
        Cutting down of trees for timber. For every one tree that is cut down, five are badly damaged.
      - Mining
        
        Forests are cleared to establish the mines and construct roads to transport mined materials.
      - Cattle ranching🐄
        
        Involves operating large farms to raise cattle. Large areas of rainforests are cleared to create land for cattle to graze.
  - - - Most trees have tall and straight trunks with branches that spread out near the top of the tree. This allows the trees to absorb as much sunlight as possible with the increased surface area exposed.
      - Smooth barks allow the rainwater to flow easily down from the crowns to the roots of the trees.
    - - The leaves of the plants are broad to capture enough sunlight to make food.
      - Leaves have waxy, leathery or hairy surfaces to minimise the loss of moisture through transpiration due to the high temperatures in the tropical rainforests.
      - Some leaves have pointy tips called drip tips to allow water to flow off the surface of the leaves easily to prevent fungi and bacteria from growing on the leaves.
    - - As the air is usually still in the rainforest, the lack of wind make seed dispersal hard to occur. Thus, flowers have colourful and strong-smelling flowers to attract insects for seed dispersal.
    - - Buttress roots are large roots that grow up to 5m in height. This is to support the heavy weight
      - Most of the roots are shallow as the nutrients are found mostly at the top of the soil due to the rapid decomposition of leaves as the temperatures of the rainforests are high.
  - - - The loss of the variety of plants and animals due to the destruction of their habitats
      - Resulting in millions of plants and animals to become extinct
      - Increasing the occurance of insect-borne diseases
    - - Deforestation disrupts the hydrological cycleas trees are able to absorb water through their roots and release it into the atmosphere through evaporation and transpiration.
      - The loss of an area that collects water, drained by a small river and smaller rivers that flow into it.
      - Causes drier climate and drier soil
      - Decreased water supply and increased water prices
    - - Risk of flooding
        
        Soil in the forests absorbs rainwater and releases it slowly into the rivers. When rain falls, the forests intercept the rain thus, allowing the rainwater to seep into the ground. When trees are cleared, the ground is left bare, increasing surface runoff, thus flooding areas.
        
        Refers to the large overflowing amount of water onto land that is normally dry.
      - Soil Erosion
        
        Tree roots hold the soil together ad keeps the ground stable. On top of that, rain is intercepted by the three layers of the rainforest before hitting the ground. When trees are removed, the land becomes exposed, causing the water to wash the soil away when it rains.
        
        Refers to the removal of the top layers of the soil by rainwater, wind and desuctive human activities.
      - Sedimentation
        
        When eroded soil is washed into the rivers, it increases the amount of sendiments in the water, causing the water quality to lower. This affects the aquatic life in the rivers. It also smothers fish eggs, lowering hatch rates and turns the water cloudy, preventing sunlight from penetrating the water, affecting the coral reefs which require sunlight to grow.
        
        Refers to the process where sendiments eventually settle down and accumulate in rivers and seas
    - - When heat from the sun passes through the atmosphere, greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere trap some of the heat and prevent it from escaping into space. Deforestation increases the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere due to the loss of trees
      - Refers to the impact on the climate from the increasing amount of heat trapped in the atmosphere due to human activities, leading to a rise in the earth's average temperature
  - - - Refers to the setting of laws to protect an area from unfavourable activities
      - Indigenous and traditional communities living in these areas are conserved
      - Biodiversity in these areas are also conserved
    - - Planting of trees in areas where the original forest has been cleared
      - Involves non-profit organisations, companies and local commuities that buys seedlings and pays local communities to plant trees
    - - Careful management of forests that are being logged, allows logging only in certain areas in a sustainable manner
      - Penalties are enforced on irresponsible timer companies that carry out illegal logging
    - - Refers to people's attitudes and practices towards rainforests needs to be changed
      - People need to be told of the omportance of rainforests and ways to contribute to conserving rainforests
- - - - Lithosphere
        
        The outermost solid part of earth, consisting of the rocks that make up mountains, hills and plains
      - Biosphere
        
        All life on earth, including animals and plants
      - Atmosphere
        
        The air surrounding the earth
      - Hydrosphere
        
        All water on earth, including water in the oceans, rivers, lakes,wetlands and icesheets, as well as the undergroung water and moisture in the air
    - - Population
        
        The total number of people living in a place
      - Settlements
        
        Where people work, live and carry out activities
      - Culture
        
        The way people live, including their economic activities, traditional beliefs and religious practices
      - Development
        
        The use of resources, both natural and human, to achieve a higher standard of living
  - - - A part of earth's surface where people identify and give meaning to
    - - Refers to the way things are arranged or distributed over an area
    - - Refers to the different level at which a feature or an issue is examined (Local>National>Regional>Global)
    - - Refers to our surroundings - physical, human or both
- - - - -Arctic Circle (66.5°N)
        -Tropic of Cancer (23.5°N)
        -Equator (0°)
        -Tropic of Capricorn (23.5°S)
        -Antartic Circle (66.5°S)
  - - - -Prime Meridian (0°)
        -International Date Line (180°)