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Course concepts , https://www.google.com/amp/s/revisesociology…
Course concepts
Acculturation
MICRO-LEVEL EXAMPLE
Friendship groups are extremely strong influences. Peer pressure is exemplified and individuals want to conform to their groups in an attempt to fit in. This can involve through fashion, speech and common rituals.
Marriage to someone of another culture and changing last names to theirs and following their cultural rituals and traditions.
MESO-LEVEL EXAMPLE
Becoming highly acculturated in school environments and being forced to wear uniform as to represent the school and it's values.
Immigrant communities will may incorporate the mainstream culture into daily life and stray away from their heritage culture
Local communities may hold Australia day events and national holidays of the main culture group. E.g. Christmas sing-a-longs, Musical festivals & Country fairs
DEFINITION: members of a minority group (more than just a cultural and ethnic minority e.g. social heirarchy, gender minority) adopt the beliefs & behaviours (culture) of the majority. This can involve direct social intervention or exposure through mass media.
MACRO-LEVEL EXAMPLE
The exposure to another culture through mass media. Television and social media.
Globalisation - The international relationships across the world. Migration of individuals to another country and inhabiting.
Westernisation - language (english) & clothing. People from other countries have normalised western clothing rather than their traditional clothing due to westernisation and acculturation.
Ideologies that are correlated with the contemporary western society are introduced into societies that are conservative and traditional may create changes and landslide changes in norms and expectations as to appear modernised and progressive.
Citizenship of another country has rights and responsibilities correlating with it. If someone from another culture gains citizenship in Australia then it is compulsory that they vote and if they are under 18 then they would have to go to school and get an education.
Large corporations establish stores internationally and therefore spread their influence to an international audience and consumer base. However, they may change some of their products to accommodate and respect the main society. E.g. McDonald's menus in Asia change and may have rice dishes and seasonal deserts
INTERACTION WITH ANOTHER CONCEPT
TECHNOLOGY
Technology facilitates for globalisation and acculturation. The exposure to popular culture from the West can influence audiences internationally at the macro-level and characters and influencers online may be popular in other countries.
Music
Tv Shows
Advertising
Apple
Google
Facebook
SOCIETY
Japan - Collectivist values and harmony are extremely emphasised and foreigners who live in Japan are taught to respect their culture and assimilate into society. BY doing so they'll be treated equally and praised,
DEFINITION - A social construct is a socially created aspect of life. Social constructionists argue that society is actively and creatively produced by human beings rather than being given
MACRO - Economics and money: Economic systems, regulations, market, business models and production methods. Economic theories and systems are different across cultures and countries. Economics is based on theories which change constantly. More specifically aspects such as currency exchange rates are socially created and actively produced by humans rather than being given. The demand of one countries currency by others is what alters the exchange rate, which further impacts the rest of the economy and hence is a social construct
MESO - Schools/education: The process of learning is socially constructed. There is no universal outline for education. The values of a society play into the "education experience".
MICRO - marriage: The concept of marriage is not universal. Some versions are more inclusive than others. The values associated between marriage at the micro level can be different across cultures. In some marriage may be a romantic relationship, in others it might be an economic or class related relationship.
Links to other concepts -
environment: social constructs are a product of our environment, parts of our environment may also be socially constructed, such as the idea of countries, schools etc
gender: gender is socially constructed difference between males and females
Technology: technology is the application to science to produce tools and systems that serve human needs. It is mostly shaped by hard sciences and applied sciences. However, it can also be partially socially constructed. For example, a video game with charcaters who wear socially constructed fashion that executes on a computer that is a product of engineering.
Culture: The traditinal culture of a nation or people and other types of culture such as subculture, super culture and organisational culture
Change: Since aspects of our social lives are socially constructed they are likely to experience social change over time.
Cultural Transmission
DEFINITION:
process through which cultural elements, in the form of attitudes, values, beliefs and behavioral scripts are passed onto individuals and groups
MESO
Community Groups allow groups to teach their relative cultural elements to the wider community especially to those who haven't been exposed to them ??
EXAMPLES:
Teaching of Dragon Dancing, schools teaching languages and conducting cultural classes (origami classes)
https://classbento.com.au/origami-classes-sydney
MICRO
Families interacting with their fellow sibling or children and teaching them cultural elements that they acquired themself
EXAMPLES:
Social Etiquette (such as bowing), cultural hierarchy, cultural roles (women stay home while men work), learning of native language
LINK TO COURSE CONCEPT
IDENTITY
By passing down cultural elements, they help younger generations to form their own identities by following past cultural values, beliefs etc. and allow them to teach the generations after them
MACRO
Nations/States are able to conduct festivals / events that have been passed down from previous generations and continue to be represented in society
EXAMPLES:
continuation of Australia Day (started in 1915), Kyoto Gion Matsuri (started in 869, 9th century)
https://www.japan.travel/en/spot/83/#:~:text=The%20Gion%20Matsuri%20began%20in,feet%20never%20touch%20the%20ground
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Time
MICRO-LEVEL EXAMPLE
MESO-LEVEL EXAMPLE
DEFINITION:
MACRO-LEVEL EXAMPLE
INTERACTION WITH ANOTHER CONCEPT
Cultural Relativism
DEFINITION:
The idea that concepts and values are socially constructed, and vary across cultures. People should view other cultures OBJECTIVELY, and not judge what is right and wrong based on their own culture and experiences, as this differs between cultures. Values are NOT universal, and cultures are different. Cultural relativism is also a value.
MICRO LEVEL LINK: Cultural relativism can be applied to attitudes towards cultural foods. An example of cultural relativism is going to a Japanese restaurant with your Japanese friend and they order rice with a raw egg. This is normal for their culture, and we shouldn't judge it as being 'strange' or 'gross', just because we didn't grow up eating it.
LINKS TO CULTURAL TRANSMISSION/CONTINUITY AND CHANGE: Cultures continue to be different, due to the customs of their culture being passed down between generations. By continuing customs, people must be sensitive and aware that cultures are different.
MACRO LEVEL LINK: Cultural relativism applies to events on the macro level concerning the legal system, such as the fight for gender equality. For example, in Pakistan, women hold an annual protest, 'Aurat March', to demand equal rights. Although Pakistan has agreed to documents (The Declaration of Human Rights), gender equality goes against their culture and religion. The document applies western ideals to eastern contexts, where it should be ADAPTED to each culture.
https://www.thenews.com.pk/magazine/you/701003-feminism-in-pakistan
LINKS TO WESTERNISATION: western ideals are spread to other countries, which incites change. Western ideals are also applied to cultures that are vastly different, and aren't able to be expressed.
Links to other concepts
WESTERNISATION: (see macro level example)
CONTINUITY AND CHANGE: As cultures continue to pass down traditions, cultures will continue to be different. People must continually respect cultural differences.
SOCIAL AND CULTURAL LITERACY: Understanding the concept of cultural relativism allows individuals to be sensitive towards others and become socially literate people.
Identity-
Identity refers to sense of self. There are several factors which contribute to identity, including the gender, sexuality, family, beliefs, social status and ethnicity. Identity is informed micro, meso and macro levels of society.
Examples
Micro- An interesting read on parents who have allowed their children to invent their own gender identity. "The goal of gender-creative parenting is not to eliminate gender—the goal is to eliminate gender-based oppression, disparities and violence"
https://time.com/5885697/gender-creative-parenting/
Meso Level- This school has embraced the indigenous Kuku Yalanji language. " Mossman State School used the funding to install signs in Kuku Yalanji language — a visible display of the school’s pride in language and culture."
https://www.newsport.com.au/2020/august/school-further-embraces-indigenous-language-through-grant/?L=44
Macro Level- The Star Trek franchise will soon be introducing trans and non-binary representation to the show. ""It believes in showing people that a future without division on the basis of race, gender, gender identity or sexual orientation is entirely within our reach," she said."
https://japantoday.com/category/entertainment/first-trans-non-binary-characters-to-debut-on-'star-trek'-franchise
Gender very strongly informs identity, often even beginning to impose identity prior to birth. Macro level gender norms within society are one of the biggest influences on identity. Elements of identity, such as sexuality, can also be explored by gender.
GENDER
Link to CULTURAL RELATIVISM: Western society may perceive the hijab as a sign of oppression to women, whereas to the women in Saudi Arabia themselves, it is merely culture.
"For many Muslim women, wearing a hijab offers a way for them to take control of their bodies and to claim a stance that challenges the ways in which women are marginalised by men."
Five truths about the hijab that need to be told
LEVELS OF SOCIETY
MESO: Gender equality workplace seminars and education programs.
Growing acceptance and popularity in low context cultures, although slow change is apparent in high context cultures too.
Gender pronouns being more prevalent:
"I think it’s valuable, generally speaking, to challenge the norm that you can assume a person’s gender based on appearances,...”
Gender Pronouns Can Be Tricky on Campus. Harvard Is Making Them Stick.
MICRO: Gender is shaped at the micro level - children are exposed to TV programs that are obviously targeted for either boys or girls. This agent of socialisation may impact the way the child perceives themselves and their gender identity.
MACRO: Women given the right to vote in Britain after the perception of their roles on the home-front changed after WWI.
Continuity and Change
The technological medium of social media being used to demonstrate women's rights and participate in feminist movements. (e.g. MeToo)
Gender: socially constructed differences between females and males. Their social lives are then organised around the dimensions of this difference. Additionally, the cultural ideals, identities and stereotypes of masculinity and femininity play a part in the construction of this difference.
Cultural Relativism
Example
The embedded value of colourism in South-Asian cultures, are often seen as racism by Western nations
Definition
Concepts are socially constructed and vary across all cultures. Individuals and groups must always view other cultures objectively, without providing a judgement, using the values and norms of their own culture as a measure of right or wrong.
Practices must be assessed as normal in various contexts.
Future Projection
As greater populations become global citizens and increase their global literacy, cultural relativism decreases, as cultural disparities across geospatial contexts, become less prominent.
Globalisation
Definition
An ongoing process that involves interconnected changes in the economic, cultural, social, and political spheres of society.
Effects on society
Meso
Increases competitiveness of Businesses
Due to availability of other companies within the same industry, local businesses must keep up with the standards of others to remain competitiveness
Macro
Trade between countries
Increases economic growth through specialization of countries
Allows for an increase in a country's growth, leading to an increase in modernisation
Social media
Increasing Exposure of different cultures through social media applications
Westernisation
Identity
Technology
Culture
Micro
Migration reinforces globalization due to family members spread across the world, increasing exposure to other cultures within the micro sphere
Increases in cultural diversity within family
Migration from different backgrounds into a monocultured country
Changes in continuity
Family structure diversify through exposure of different structure throughout the world in different cultures
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culture (F)
"the shared knowledge, attitudes and behaviours that give each society its coherence, identity and distinctive way of life."
syllabus
link to
meso
Culture can form within smaller communities such as schools and workplaces. For example, a school culture may have values or attitudes specific to the students, teachers or the school as a whole, which can be displayed in elements that may represent the school, such as uniform, language and subjects of priority.
What Makes a Good School Culture?
macro
Internet culture exists complete with its own etiquette and behaviours which can be accepted or shunned by the online community. Much like a culture in real life, sub-cultures also exist in the form of interests which can take shape in forms such as forums or group chats.
A Brief History of Internet Culture
and How Everything Became Obsurd
micro
Families can possess their own culture through the sharing of values and attitudes. This can lead to a sense of identity within the familial community as the common values can lead to a sense of belonging.
What Is a Family Culture?
another course concept
(globalisation and westernisation)
High context cultures have become more exposed to Western ideas and values with the recent spread of globalisation. As a result, some Western values have become assimilated into the already existing cultures. (e.g. Saudi Arabia and women's rights)
The Drawbacks of Cultural Globalisation
Environment
The physical and social context in which social interactions take place and with which we interact on a daily basis.
Meso
School is an example of an environment at the meso level both the physical and social setting of school affects how we interact and develop. Schools physical setting is meant to promote learning and social interactions. While socially we interact with a range of people from different age groups and backgrounds as well as teachers and staff.
Micro
Family is an example of an environment, the social interactions between family members and the culture and belief system in which we are raised and exist has a major impact on our identity
Macro
Australia is an example of an environment at the macro level.
Physically Environment-
Social Environment- Australia is one of the most ethnically diverse countries in the world
As a multicultural society we are exposed to a range of people from unique beliefs and a wide range of groups and people from
Environment is closely linked to culture. Culture is developed through interactions with the environment at all levels of society
https://www.google.com/amp/s/revisesociology.com/2019/04/13/globalisation-family/amp/
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Changes in Values and Expectations due to changes in continuity in family structures, affects the identity of the self as a result
Social Construct
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