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The exploitation of resources in the New World - Coggle Diagram

- - - - In the 17th century, Dutch East India company was annually exporting over 20 000 tons of sugar to Amsterdam from northeastern Brazil
      - Still known for sugarcane production
    - - Sugar exportation changed focus from Brazil to Caribbean islands likely as a result of economic stagnation in the country - Brasil could not respond to the demand
      - English, French and Dutch exported sugarcane to the Old World
  - - - Caribbean Slave Act in 1661: no rights for enslaved people - for example, they could be killed with no repercussions
- - - - Indians later also started trading tobacco with Europeans
- - - - Eventually led to Civil War in the United States - "king cotton" strategy
        
        The navy cut off South's cotton exports in the Civil War, leaving the south in a financially poor position as economy was built on this single factor
  - - - Wool began to be replaced by cotton as Europeans became more conscious of fashion and the demand for alternatives rose with the start of Industrial Revolution
      - Florence and Flanders
    - - Cotton production helped territorial expansion in southwest of USA
      - Chinese immigrants hired to work in the cotton fields
- - - - This resulted in 90% (80-95%) of the population dying, which far exceeded the black death, for example, and led to many tribes disappearing completely. This was all in a matter of 100-150 years after 1492
        
        It's still unknown how many people died because of this, because estimations are hard to make. If disease, for example, traveled fast, it could've killed natives long before they cam to direct contact
      - The natives didn't live in dense populations and didn't have domestic animals, so there wasn't as much bouncing around in diseases. It was different in Europe and Africa, which is why disease were stronger. Natives couldn't survive them.
      - Virus and bacteria: smallpox, measles, mumps, typhus, typhoid, parathydroid fever, scarlet fever, diptheria, chicken pox, bubonic plague, cholera, malaria and whooping cough brought to the New World
      - Syphilis comes to Europe. It was deadly at first, but evolved and became less fatal
        
        It was an epidemic that quickly spread after Columbus returned
        
        Charles VIII campaigns spread the disease
        
        Global disease: Japan 1569
  - - - After moving a lot of slaves from the African West coast to the Caribbean, most of the people living there were of African descendant
      - Introduced slavery that was racialised, inherited and commercialised.
      - Slave trade as a business
      - Total of 12 million slaves were deportated.
    - - Europeans and African slaves are brought. They become the majority
  - - - Leads to people being transported there as well
      - Global supply in a long run
      - Significance in 2000
    - - Corn was good for many causes, it gave even two or three harvests a year, it could be fed to the pigs and it could be grown in places that were unsuitable for tubers and grains
      - Cassava being very low maintenance also helped Africans escape from slave traders, because they could leave their fields and hide and return to a crop that was still ok
      - There is also a profound culinary impact, as chili and tomatoes, for example, change many food traditions
      - Stable and nutritious crops, such as corn and potatoes, are revolutionary and change the Old world
        
        This is revolutionary in the sense that these crops are more calorically intense->people can be fed easier, as wheat isn't as nutritious
        
        Also helps with famine in China
        
        People having easier access to great amounts of food resulted in population growth in Europe and Africa
        
        Population growth was creating concerns and danger of overpopulation --> They sent more people to the new world
        
        People in Europe become dependent on potatoes
        
        Overdependance on potatoes caused the Great Famine in Ireland
        
        Calories, nutrients, vitamines
        
        Population growth booms in 19th century
        
        Urbanization also becomes possible as a result, because people can be fed, even in big cities and not everyone has to be dependent on their own crop
      - Also, for example quinine, is discovered which is the first known treatment for malaria
    - - Vulcanization (heating + chemicals) of rubber for industrailized product
        
        Rubber boom 1880-1910 and industrialization
        
        Belgian Congo as the rubber production hub
        
        Exploitation and destruction of the Congolese population
        
        Extreme violence
        
        Genocide
        
        Congo as Belgian King Leopold II's privat colony
      - Benefits of rubber recognized by Charles Marie de La Condamine in Amazonas Brasil
  - - - An improvement for natives, a great help with hunting and herding
    - - Pigs were allowed to roam free by the Europeans and they ate everything
      - Pigs became more like pests
    - - Broad grassland in the South and North suited the immigrant herbivores
    - - Caused division between herders and farmers
- - - - Coffee was not a major industry in the colonial period, and before the rise in demand in Europe in the 19th century, it was grown for domestic consumption.
        
        Coffee's domination of the Brazilian economy truly started only in the 1840's. Then coffee took up about 41 percents of exports during the time.
        
        Industrialization, economic boom and rise of the middle class in the 19th century Old World made it possible to make huge profits with coffee
        
        Stock trade eventually started in coffee houses
      - Coffee arrived to different countries of South America in the 1700's and 1800's, and was imported originally from the old world