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Lecture 3: Methodology in Cultural Research - Coggle Diagram
Lecture 3:
Methodology in Cultural Research
Major issues with cultural comparisons
Methodological equivalence
some cultures may not understand process of completing measures (eg. progress of time is from right to left instead of left to right)
Applicable to other research that compares diff social categories
ensure test items are understood in identical ways across cultures
Response biases
acquiescence bias
tendency to agree with most items on a measure
Reference group effect
one's response to questions may depend on the group that one is using for reference
make qn items objective and concrete
Solicit quantitative responses (eg. "how many hours")
use behavioral & physiological measures (less explicit & less subject to social desirability concerns)
specify reference group of comparisons (eg. "compared to your peers")
extremity bias
tendency to choose numbers toward the ends of the scale
moderacy bias
tendency to choose numbers toward midpoint of scale
Basic knowledge abt culture of interest
otherwise at risk of drawing conclusions based on faulty info & assumptions
Can be accomplished through
foreign collaborators
immersion in the culture of interest
ethnographies (content driven descriptions of specific human cultures)
combination of these methods is ideal
should understand the norms and practices of cultures being studied
Economic experiment: Ultimatum
seems like idea of fairness is consistent across many cultures.. BUT
Henrich et al.'s study of small tribes
generous offers above $5 tend to get rejected
cos impt to maintain rigid norm of hyper-fairness
same finding as previous EXCEPT that
wrong to let others take adv of u and u shouldn't take adv of others either
conclusion
need for fairness is not as universal as it had been assumed
without submerging oneself into the cultures of interest and knowing smth abt them->unable to make sense of data
study of fairness
Methodology that addresses such issues & problems
Cultural priming
treating cultural mindsets as if they are a collection of interrelated concepts that can be momentarily activated
when cultural ideas are activated that are more common in another culture, ppl start thinking in ways that are more similar to the thinking of ppl from that culture
assumes ppl have diff cultural mindsets with a culturally "default" mindset
Cultural products
cultures exist beyond our minds
examine cultural information contained in books, films, newspapers, etc.
Situational sampling
Japanese self esteem decrease more if flunk exam; Americans self esteem increase more if pass exam
eg. can u list situations in which your self-esteem had either decreased or increased?
participants from at least 2 cultures are asked to describe a no. of situations they have experienced in which smth happened