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Pathological fractures [Cellular infiltrations] - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Involves periosteum - new bone formation
        
        Growing large breed dogs
      - Suppurative, fibrinous, necrotising osteomyelitis
    - - Painful condition
      - Proliferation of woven bone+ fibrous tissue
        
        Medullary cavity
        
        Cortex thickening
        
        Growing large dogs
    - - Thickened physeal cartilage
        
        Delayed endochondral ossification
        
        Lysis + necrosis
      - :horse_racing:
  - - - Treatment
        
        Complications
        
        Poor draining sinus tract
        
        Poor antimicrobial penetration
        
        Avascular sequestra
        
        Bacterial colonisation
        
        Aggressive therapy
      - Pathogenesis
        
        Haematogenous spread
        
        Overlying soft tissue lesions
        
        Common :cow2: :horse:
        
        Purulent lodging in vascular loop arc
        
        Close to epiphyseal growth plate
        
        Strains
        
        Actinomyces - Lumpy jaw
        
        Trueperella pyogenes; staph; strep; salmonella; e. coli
    - - Pathogenesis
        
        Impaired osteoclastic activity
        
        "Growth retardation lattice" forms
        
        CDV, BVDV
        
        Damage endothelial cells
        
        Metaphyseal hypoxia + necrosis
        
        Hog colera; Infectious canine heptitis
    - - Strains
        
        Coccidiodes immitis; blastomyces dermatitidis; aspergillus; cryptococcus
      - Pathogenesis
        
        Granulomatous lesions
        
        Large microbes with capsules
- - - - Reactive bone growth
        
        Periosteal - diaphyseal regions
        
        Distal limbs bone formation :dog2:
        
        Periosteal fibrosis
      - Intrathroacic mass lesions
        
        Vagally-mediated vasomotor changes
        
        :arrow_up:blood flow + pressure to extremities
        
        Hyperaemia ; periosteal oedema
    - - Beef liver given to :cat2:
      - Bony exostoses of cervical verterbrae and longbones
    - - Congenital cortical hyperstosis
        
        :pig2:
      - Craniomandibular osteopathy :dog2:
  - - - Codman's triangle
        
        Periostrum elevation/irritation
        
        Hyperplastic periosteum
        
        Formation of sub-perioseal reactive new bone
      - Minimal osteoid formation
        
        Infiltration by spindle shaped cells
    - - Early + widespread metastasis
      - Painful condition
      - Pathological fractures; infarction; hypercalcaemia
    - - Large :dog2: breeds
      - Site
        
        Proximal humerus; distal radius; distal femur
    - - Plasmacytic neoplasm
        
        Hyperglobulinaemia
    - - Mostly benign
      - Skull surface
        
        Compress adjacent tissue
  - - - ALP , Ca, PO4-; collagen breakdown products