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Pathological fractures [Degenerative] - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Physeal cartilage + newly formed osteoid
        
        Endochondral ossification sites
        
        Growing animals
        
        Skeletal remodelling after injury
      - Irregularly thickened metaphysis
        
        Cartilage tongues extending into metaphyses
        
        Increased fragility
    - - Nutritional deficiencies
        
        P deficiency
        
        Soil / plant P deficiency :leaves:
        
        Grazing animals
        
        :red_cross: carnivores
        
        Vit D
        
        Impaired dermal phobiosynthesis :sunny:
        
        Alpacas - dense fibre
        
        Vit D antagonists eg carotenes
        
        Defective metabolism :sheep:
    - - Bowed limbs, enlarged bone ends + costochondral junctions
  - - - :arrow_up: osteoblastic activity
        
        Stabilisation
        
        Fibroplasia + :arrow_up: Osteoblastic activity
        
        Abundant immature fibrous bone
        
        Poorly-mineralised
        
        :arrow_down:radio-dense
    - - Metabolic
        
        1° Hyperparathyroidism
        
        2° Hyperparathyroidism
        
        Nutritional - Low Ca:P
        
        Herbivores - chelating agents
        
        All meat diet
        
        Renal - P retention, reduced Ca absorption
      - Paraneoplastic hyperparathyroidism
        
        Anal sac adenocarcinoma; T cell lymphosarcoma
  - - - Fluorine toxicity
        
        Contaminated water/pasture
        
        Pathogenesis
        
        Dental lesions
        
        Chalky, white foci in enamel; Brown discolouration
        
        Accelerated wear + chip fractures
        
        Chronic, low level: Osteosclerosis
        
        Exposed during development
      - Lead toxicity
        
        Nervous signs; rapid
        
        Dense lead lines in metaphyses
        
        Impaired osteoclast activity
    - - Nutritional deficiencies
        
        Ca2+; PO4-
        
        :arrow_down: Ca2+ supplements
        
        Lactating gilts :glass_of_milk:
        
        Protein calorie
        
        Starvation - grazing animals
        
        GIT parasites :bug:
        
        Cu
        
        Impaired cross-linkage of collagen + osteoblast activity
        
        Bone fragility
      - Metabolic
        
        Glucocortioid excess
- - - - Autosomal recessive
        
        Angus; simmental :cow:
        
        Polypay :sheep:
    - - Solid bones
        
        Reduced breaking strength
  - - - Defective type 1 collagen formation
    - - Dominant inheritance
      - :cow2:
        
        Clinical signs
        
        Marked joint laxity; translucent pinky/grey or amber teeth; blue sclera
        
        Intrauterine, intrapartum limb fractures