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Evolution of human social behavior through the effects of prenatal/early…

- - - - Epigenetic influence over gene expression possibly originated as a defence against Transposons, parasitic DNA that jumps around in the genome and can disrupt genes by inserting into the middle of them (Slotkin and Martienssen, 2007)
      - Basically, it was advantageous, which is the whole point of evolution.
  - - - Epigenetic regulation, also known as chromatin remodeling, in neurons, describes a process where the activity of a particular gene is controlled by the structure of chromatin in that gene’s proximity
      - Epigenetic regulation, also known as chromatin remodeling, in neurons, describes a process where the activity of a particular gene is controlled by the structure of chromatin in that gene’s proximity (Fig. 2).
    - - https://labs.la.utexas.edu/champagne/files/2018/01/champ20.pdf
    - - Transcription of a gene is dependent on its accessibility to RNA pol
      - histone acetylation is associated with increased transcriptional activity whereas histone deacetylation or methylation is associated with transcriptional repression
        
        direct DNA methylation is considered more permanent of the changes
        
        the degree of dinucleotide cytosine–guanine (CpG) methylation at promoter regions inversely correlates with levels of gene transcription https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/22861611.pdf
        
        recent explosive growth in the knowledge of genomic DNA methylation in wide-ranging taxa has revealed that patterns of DNA methylation are surprisingly conserved across deep phylogenies LINK
        
        DNA methylation affects how genomic DNA is packaged within each nucleus, and as such plays an essential role in critical cellular processes such as regulation of transposons, transcriptional silencing, genomic imprinting, and X-chromosome inactivation (Yoder et al. 1997; Jones and Takai 2001; Henderson and Jacobsen 2007)
        
        Histone acetylation involves the transfer of an acetyl group (cleaved from acetyl-coenzyme A) to the e-NH+ group of lysine residues
        
        https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/22861611.pdf
        
        Deacetylation - transfers acetyl group from histones to CoA. Increases wrapping of DNA around histone. Decreased transcription factor. Neutralized histone tail + charge, loosens nucleosome and increases gene transcription
        
        Histone phosphorylation
  - - - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3783959/
    - - https://labs.la.utexas.edu/champagne/files/2018/01/champ20.pdf
      - SNPs
    - - (Schmitz et al. 2011;
        
        Daxinger and Whitelaw 2012; Flores et al. 2013;
        
        Crews 2014)
    - - these modifications can be extremely stable, being transmitted in non-neural tissues from mother to daughter cells, and in post-mitotic neurons permanently modifying the phenotype.
    - - https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/22861611.pdf
    - - LINK
    - - LINK
      - Twin studies
- - - - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3860549/
    - - (Oberlander et al., 2008)
        
        GR 1F promotor DNA methylation levels associated with maternal depressed mood
        
        https://labs.la.utexas.edu/champagne/files/2018/01/champ20.pdf
        
        DNA methylation within the placenta and hypothalamus as possible mediators of these maternal effects
        
        In mice: (Mueller & Bale, 2008)
  - - - Effects of alcohol/smoking/drugs on transgenerational behavior?
  - - - Prenatal protein restriction had effects on offspring/grand offspring (Zambrano et al., 2005)
    - - The rapid period of cellular proliferation and differentiation that occurs during fetal development provides a critical window during which maternal gestational exposure to toxins may lead to long-term disruptions in offspring
      - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3171169/pdf/nihms307547.pdf