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CH2: Molecular Interactions - Coggle Diagram
CH2: Molecular Interactions
Subatomic Particles
Neutrons
Electron
Determine reactivity of an atom/element
Ions
an atom with a + or - charge due to losing/gaining and electron respectively.
Do electrical signaling
Charged Particles
High-energy Electrons
capture energy from environment
used for
movement
othe life processes
synthesis
Covalent Bonds
Electrons are shared
outer shell determines a compound's ability to bind with other element's
Free Radicals
unstable molecules with an unpaired electron
Disease Development
Aging
Protons
Electrolyte
solutions containing ions
ex) sodium ion, potassium ion, chloride, bicarbonate
Solvent in our cells being water
function by conducting electricity in the body to carry out signals
ex) nerve impulse traveling to a muscle for contraction
Chemical Bonds
Hydrogen Bonds
weak force between a hydrogen with an oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine atom.
partial positive hydrogen and a partial negative atom on another molecule.
helps molecular interactions and determines large molecular shape.
Responsible for surface tension
Van der Wals Forces
weak forces between atoms that repel each other
Ionic Bonds
Cation (+ ion)
In an ionic compound, One of the atoms is positive; one is negative
Anion (-ion)
attraction between opposite charges
Covalent Bonds
bonds by sharing of electrons
Polar Molecules
unequal sharing
partial negative atom poles
ex) Water
Partial positive hydrogen; partial negative oxygen
partial positive atom poles
Nonpolar Molecules
equal sharing
made mostly of carbon and hydrogen; prevalent in fatty acids
hydrogen and oxygen share electrons evenly
Free Radical
molecule that has an atom with an unpaired electron in its outer shell
React with other atoms via oxidation
Antioxidants- protective molecules that can donate electrons to free radicals without turning into one.
excess associates with aging diseases
Formed from
Inflammation
Metabolism
UV Light
Smoking
Ionizing Radiation
Air Pollution
DNA damage
Related to Physiology, Free Radicals
cause Oxidative Stress on the
Lung
Brain
Joints
Immune System
Kidney
Blood Vessels
Skin
Multi-Organ
Heart
Eyes
Water
99/100 molecules in the human body being water
Covalent bonds
Polar Bonds
Hydrogen Bonds
used in many chemical reactions
mostly liquid in the body, but can leave the body as a gas as we exhale.
considered for total-body-water homeostasis
Dehydration Synthesis/Hydrolysis
Biomolecules are made by dehydration synthesis
broken down into their building blocks by dehydration
Dehydration Synthesis
hydrogen atom is removed from one molecule and a hydroxyl group is removed from another molecule. Result: water.
Removal or addition of water to make or break covalent bonds
Hydrolysis
adding water to break covalent bonds
Biomolecules
molecules made by cells and has carbon-carbon covalent bonds
make rings or chains
Amino Acids
both have
Nitrogen
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
has sulfur in some
Polymers made from 20 different amino acids
Functions
structural components
Enzymes
Much more
Transport
Receptors
Binding Proteins
Immunoglobulins
Regulatory Proteins
Structure
hydrogen atom
Central Carbon
R group
makes a protein unique
Amino Group (-NH2
Carboxyl Group (COO-)
Primary Structure
Polypeptide
10-100 amino acids
Proteins; >100 amino acids
Oligopeptide
2-9 amino acids
chain of proteins
Peptide bonds- link of amino acids through the process of dehydration synthesis
made by COO- of one amino acid and a -NH3 of another amino acid
Secondary Structure
hydrogen bonds between protein chains and loops
covalent bonds make the structure
Quaternary Structure
combination of multiple subunits
Tertiary Structure
3d shape
mix of secondary structures
physical/Chemical factors
pH
changes causes a protein to denature
Lipids
made up of
mostly
carbon
hydrogen
Nonpolar
hydrophobic
Monoglyceride
glycerol + 1 fatty acid
Diglyceride
glycerol + 2 fatty acid
Triglyceride
glycerol + 3 fatty acid
Functions
Long Term energy storage
Protection
Insulation
Types
Phospholipids
polar phosphate head
nonpolar fatty acid tail
allows interaction with both polar and nonpolar substances
found in cell membranes
Eicosanoids
fatty acid ring and structure
function as cellular communication molecules
Unsaturated fatty acids
1 "kinky chain
plant-derived, liquid at room temperature
Steroids
structure
steroid nucleus
3 cyclohexane ring with one cylcopentane ring fused together
function
cellular communication
Saturated Fatty Acids
straight fatty acid chains (single bonds between carbons
found in animal fats; solid at room temperature
Carbohydrates
aka Saccharides/ Sugars
Functions
energy storage
common ATP source
Cell membrane structures
made up of
hydrogen
oxygen
carbon
types
Disaccharides
ex) Sucrose, Lactose
Polysaccharides
ex) starch in the human body
Monosaccharides (Single Sugar)
ex) ribose, deoxyribose, glucose, fructose
Nucleic Acids
Functions
Information
expression
transmission of genetic information
storage
Forms/Examples
DNA
RNA
Structure
Nitrogen-Containing Bases
Pyrimidine
Cytosine
Thymine
Purine
Adenine
Guanine
Uracil (RNA)
Used in ATP
Adenine
Ribose
Tri phosphate
Pentose Sugar
5-carbon sugar
Phosphate-sugar bonds link nucleotides in a sequence to make nucleic acids
makes the typical double DNA helix
Ribose if 5 carbon sugar has an OH on carbon 2
Deoxyribose if 5 carbon sugar has H on its carbon 2
Phosphate
DNA stored in cell nucleus
RNA is a copied part of translated DNA that is converted into a protein in the ribosome
Protein Synthesis
Transcription
DNA turns into mRNA that travels to the cytoplasm
Translation
mRNA turns into protein in the cytoplasm with use of a ribosome to make the amino acid and make the peptide bonds
Genetic code reads mRNA strand in a codon (3 nucleotides/ amino acid
1 more item...
DNA is unwound
RNA polymerase (enzyme) makes a strnad of mRNA with a DNA template
Protein Binding
Inhibition
Activation