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Biodiversity - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Stabilizing
      - Directional
        
        Artificial selection
      - Disruptive
      - Adaptiive Radiation-speeds up natural selection
  - - - Migration
      - Genetic drift
        
        Bottleneck
      - Mutation
      - Nonrandom mating
        
        Inbreeding
        
        Increase in homozygotes & decrease in heterzygotes
  - - - Population is sufficient large
      - Populations are not added or subtracted by migration
      - No change in survival or reproductive success
      - No mutation
      - Mating at random
  - - - Transitional Form
      - Extinction
        
        Mass Extinction
    - - Phylogenetic trees (hypothesis)
        
        Monophyletic
        
        Paraphyletic
        
        Polyphyletic
        
        Convergent Evolution
- - - - Vicariance
      - Dispersal
- - - - Adventageous (beneficial)
      - Neutral
      - Deleterios (harmful)
- - - - Ecology
        
        Biotic (biological)
        
        Abiotic (physical)
        
        Population
        
        3 Features:
        
        Range
        
        Density
        
        Size
        
        Estimated by sampling
        
        Mark-and-capture
        
        Effected by:
        
        Death
        
        Immigration
        
        Birth
        
        Emmigration
        
        Competition
        
        Intraepcific (within-species)
        
        Interspecific (between species)
        
        Competition exclusion
        
        Keystone Species
        
        Niche
        
        Fundamental niche
        
        Realized niche (more restricted)
        
        Predation
        
        Predators
        
        Prey
        
        Mutalisms
        
        Faculative
        
        Symbioses (increases interdependence)
        
        Obligate
- - - - Land Plants
        
        Have moer secure structures
        
        Exposed to more UV light
        
        More common to desiccation
        
        Two Categories
        
        Nonvasular
        
        Vascular
        
        Bulk Flow
        
        4 Common Organs
        
        Reproductive Organs
        
        Stems
        
        Leaves
        
        Roots
        
        Produce two types of vascular tissue
        
        Phloem
        
        Xylem
        
        Flowering Plants
        
        Gynosperms
        
        Pollen & ovules separate
        
        Angiosperms
        
        Pollen & ovules form one structure (Flower)
        
        Increased seed dispersal
        
        4 Organs
        
        Ovule-bearing carpels
        
        Pollen-producing stamens
        
        Petals
        
        Sepals
        
        Seed Plants
        
        Pollen Transferred in air
        
        Fertilization results in seeds
    - - Hetertrophs
      - Hyphae: multicellular filaments
      - Yeast
        
        Single-celled
      - Decomposers
      - Plant and animal pathogens
  - - - No membrane-bounded nuclei
      - No energy-producing organelles
      - No sex
        
        Asexual Reproduction
        
        Apomoxis
        
        Vegetative Reproduction
      - Horizontal Gene Transfer
        
        Leads to genetic diversity
        
        Transformation & Transduction
      - Cyanobacteria, Proteobacteria, & other bacteria
    - - Distinctive
      - Transcription employs RNA polymerase & ribosomes
      - TACK & Euryarchaeota
      - Produce Methane as by-product
        
        Methanogens