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Production-related metabolic disorders of cattle: ketosis, milk fever and…

- - - - BHB ≥ 1.2 mmol/l
        
        test body fluids e.g. milk (least concentrated ketone bodies), urine (most concentrated ketone bodies), whole blood and plasma
      - detect sweet-smelling acetone in breath and milk
  - - - cows with ketosis in this period more prone to negative health events and premature culling
  - - - aggression
      - ataxia
      - salivation
      - biting/chewing hard objects (potentially to point of injury)
  - - - likely to benefit if
        
        showing clinical signs of ketosis
        
        BHB > 3mmol/l
      - doses of bolus infusion range from 250 to 500 ml of 40 to 50 per cent glucose (total of 125 to 250 g).
      - Administration of an intravenous solution of dextrose into the jugular vein with a utter valve.
    - - propylene glycol
        
        300ml bolus for 3-5d
        
        aids in -ve health outcomes e.g. displacement of abomasum and milk loss
    - - b vitamins
      - choline
      - glucocorticoids
      - continuous access to water and high-quality feed. To ensure this, feed should be pushed up several times a day and the diets mixed to ensure that sorting behaviour is minimised, especially when high forage diets are used.
      - Stocking densities in the transition period should target 80 per cent on a stall basis
- - - - within 48h of calving
      - head bent towards elbow
        
        'auto-auscultatory' position
        
        S shape bend in neck
      - sternal then progresses to lateral
    - - due to lack of muscle contraction unable to eructate and may die of the 2ry ruminal bloat
  - - - stops PTH secretion
      - stimulates release of calcitonin
        
        decreases renal Ca reabsorption
        
        inhibits bone ca resorption
    - - Subcutaneous administration is also acceptable for those unable to access a vein; however, time to peak Ca is extended to four hours - cow will often stand within 30 minutes of administration
  - - - feed a negative DCAD diet in the prepartum period
- - - - highly alert
      - sometimes aggressive
      - seizures possible
    - - obvious muscle fasciculations
      - nystagmus
      - eyelids flutter
      - paddling convulsions may be observed
  - - - forages can contain nonesterified long chain fatty acids that can form insoluble salts of Mg + Ca in rumen
  - - - When the concentration of Mg in the rumen uid is high enough, Mg can be transported passively across the ruminal wall, bypassing the K-sensitive active transportation
    - - These pastures increase the rate of passage of material from the rumen, thereby reducing the time that Mg is available in the rumen for absorption
  - - - samples collected shortly after an episode of tetany might have increased Mg concentrations as a result of leakage of Mg from the damaged myocytes into the bloodstream
        
        To confirm the diagnosis, the cerebrospinal uid (CSF) Mg concentration remains low during tetany episodes and is a reliable indicator of Mg status for up to 12 hours after death