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Child Growth and Development - Coggle Diagram
Child Growth and Development
Concept
Growth
Growth is define as the physical changes that occur in human beings. It refer to quantitative changes such as height, weight or size. The changes that happened can be observed and can be measured as the changes happened in human physiology and body structure.
Every human beings have different growth rate and every one of them will hit it limit in growth as growth has limit that will reach maximum after maturation.
Growth occur in two directions which are cephalocaudal – top to bottom and proximodistal – middle to side
Development
Development is define as continuous changes that happened to human starting from birth until death. It refer to qualitative changes that will continuously happened as human grow such as skills, problem solving or emotional control. Therefore, development of human cannot be observed or measured.
Learning process and experiences help to enhance human development. Apart from that, heredity and environment will also contribute to develop human beings when growing.
Principles
Development proceeds from the simple to the more complex
The cognitive process of learning how an apple and orange are alike begins with the most simplistic or concrete thought of describing the two. A preschool child will describe the objects according to some property of the object, such as color. An obvious response from them would be, "An apple is red/green and an orange is orange."
The first level of thinking about how objects are alike is to give a description or functional relationship(both concrete thoughts) between to objects.
As children develop further in cognitive skills, they are able to understand a higher and more complex relationship between objects and things. For example, an apple and an orange exist in a class called fruit. Now we can see that the child cognitively capable of classification.
Growth and development is continuous process
A continuous process throughout life with spurts at some stages and the rate of development varies from child to child. The rate of development is also asynchronous meaning different types of development such as emotional, social, concept and language have develops at different rate.
Development depends on maturation and learning
It is the development of knowledge, skills, problem solving and dispositions, which help children to think about and understand the world around them. For example, a five-year-old learning how to do simple math problems.
Growth and development proceed from the general to specific
As children develops, their behaviour becomes more intricate and complex leading towards specificity. For example, children at birth cries when they are uncomfortable or when they are disturbed. Gradually, this crying response becomes time- specific when they are hungry. And the cry they do when they get an uncomfortable feeling becomes different from the earlier ones. Now they cry due to the presence of an unfamiliar face or remaining alone in the bed. This shows that they are gaining awareness of making different responses to different stimuli. This shows development has taken place and the child’s behaviour proceeds from general to specific
Development proceeds from the center of the body outward
Example: The child's arms develop before the hands and the hands and feet develop before the fingers and toes. Finger and toe muscles are last to develop in physical development.
There are individual rates of growth and development
Development of children varies at different rates. Each children have their own pattern and timing of growth. Some develops and mature faster while some may develop slower compared to others. However, this is what makes each and one of them have their own unique personality and learning style because they have different experiences and background.
Development proceeds from the head downward
Infants develop control of the had and face movements within the first two month after birth. In the next few months, they are able to lift themselves up by using their arms. By 6 to 12 months of age, infants start to gain legs control and may be able to crawl, stand or walk.