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Conservation of biodiversity (2) - Coggle Diagram
Conservation of biodiversity (2)
Two approaches
Species approach
Umbrella species
Large species require large habitat areas = protecting the habitat of such species leads to the protection of other species as well.
Conserves the species but not the habitat
= ex-situ conservation e.g. zoos
It has been a success for the giant panda
CITES
Governments write national laws to support CITES aims after joining = ensure that international trade of wild animals/ plants does not threaten survival.
e.g. of what can be done voluntarily to conserve species. 5,000 animals + 28,000 plant species are on its lists.
It's reduced trade in endangered species of live animals e.g. tortoises or animal parts e.g. elephant tusk, rhino horn
Captive breeding / zoos
Programmes to reintroduce populations or establish new ones are expensive and difficult - few are successful as species need to be adapted to the wild to survive in it e.g. orang-utans need to learn to climb, socialise etc. .
Sometimes impossible to reintroduce to its native habitat because the habitat is gone/destroyed = zoos - have bad press
Flagship species
Symbols of conservation - charismatic, recognisable, popular
They have instant appeal, are used to ask for funds
Often large animals people can relate to - GIANT PANDA
Keystone species
Species that have a critical role in maintaining the structure of the ecyosystem. They have a bigger effect regardless of abundance or biomass
Conserving these helps protect the integrity of the ecosystem
Loss of the species could destroy the ecosystem / imbalance it greatly. These are usually predators or engineer species.
Reserve based approach
Protection of the entire ecosystem + all species within it
= in-situ conservation e.g. national parks etc.
Protected areas
Size
: BIGGER BETTER = more species, bigger populations
Distribution
: Close rather than isolated - easier to disperse among patches, easier recolonisation
Shape
: Circular to avoid edge effects
Intact better than fragmented - larger single population, no dispersal issues
Clumped together rather than in a row - shorter distance to other reserves
Conservation corridors
= facilitates dispersal: increase the gene pool or allow seasonal migration. BUT poachers find it easier to kill animals here, disease may spread and invasive species may enter
Buffer zone:
A zone around the core reserve - farming, selective logging etc. can occur in the zone yet not in the core. Allows for use of land + less edge effect.
Conservation
In-situ conservation
: protection in their habitat
Ex-situ conservation
: Aims to improve the probability of survival of species by taking them out of their habitat and breeding them in captivity. These are usually reintroduced into the wild in the future.
World conservation strategy
International, national and regional efforts called to balance development with conservation efforts of resources
1992 Rio earth summit
Leaders agreed on a sustainable development agenda = agenda 21
Aim = help countries introduce biodiversity in national plans
Social and economic dimensions: developing countries; poverty; population; and integrating environment and development.
Conservation and management of resources: atmosphere, land, agriculture, biotechnology, toxic chemicals, and radioactive waste.
Strengthening the role of major groups: women, children, indigenous people, NGOs
Published by the IUCN, UNEP and WWF in 1980. First time a united, integrated approach to conservation
UN Millenium summit
2000 = UN Millennium Summit, largest gathering of world leaders who agreed to set time-bound and measurable goals for combating poverty, hunger, disease, illiteracy, environmental degradation and discrimination against women = Millennium Development Goals.