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Common causes of sudden death in cattle + sheep - Coggle Diagram

- - - - The peracute form (common in cattle and sheep) is characterized by sudden onset and a rapidly fatal course. Staggering, dyspnea, trembling, collapse, a few convulsive movements, and death may occur in cattle, sheep, or goats with only a brief evidence of illness.
      - Rigor mortis is frequently absent or incomplete. Dark blood may ooze from the mouth, nostrils, and anus with marked bloating and rapid body decomposition.
    - - anthrax commonly presents as an acute septicemia with a high fatality rate, often accompanied by hemorrhagic lymphadenitis
- - - - abomasum suspended loosely by the greater and lesser omentum
        
        can be moved from its normal position on the right ventral part of the abdomen to the left or right side or rotate on its mesenteric axis
      - abomasal hypomotility
        
        ingestion of high-concentrate, low-roughage diets
        
        tx: Calcium borogluconate or calcium gluconate SC or calcium gels PO help restore normal abomasal motility in many cases.
      - dysfunction of intrinsic NS
      - genetic predisposition in deep bodied cows (poss. linked to milk yield)
    - - due to abomasal hypomotility, continued secretion of hydrochloric acid into the abomasum, and the partial abomasal outflow obstruction, with sequestration of chloride in the abomasum and reflux into the rumen
    - - decreased intakes of feeds high in potassium, sequestration of K in abomasum and dehydration
    - - ketones are present in the urine or milk.
      - A ketosis that is only temporarily responsive to treatment is consistent with abomasal displacement, which may be intermittent
    - - differentiate from empty rumen ping via rectal exam to palpate gas distended rumen
      - The ping associated with RDA also is most commonly located in the area between ribs 10 and 13 on the right abdomen.
        
        Palpation per rectum is helpful in differentiating an RDA from cecal dilatation or rotation. Other right-side pings are produced by pneumoperitoneum or gas in the rectum, descending colon, duodenum, or uterus.
      - he characteristic rectal examination findings with LDA include a medially displaced rumen and left kidney. The abomasum is rarely palpable in LDA and only occasionally in RDA.
    - - In cattle with AV, blood l-lactate concentrations ≤2 mmol/L indicate a positive outcome with surgical correction, whereas cattle with blood l-lactate concentrations ≥6 mmol/L have a high probability of a negative outcome.
- - - - consider nutrition if abomasal ulcers are involved (acidosis)
- - - - transitional cell tumours of bladder
    - - There is chronic weight loss, diarrhoea, jaundice, and accumulation of fluid under the jaw and brisket caused by liver disease. Affected cattle are often dull and depressed.
        
        ddx: liver fluke, lead poisoning
- - - - Abs for peritonitis and magnet to prevent recurrence
        
        Because of the mixed bacterial flora in the lesion, a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent such as oxytetracycline (16 mg/kg/day, IV) should be used. Penicillin (22,000 IU/kg, IM, once to twice daily) is widely used and effective in many cases despite its limited spectrum.
    - - rumenotomy
- - - - fit and healthy large lamb, found dead, normal faeces with low FEC
  - - - esp. if grazed on wet pasture
      - treat all sheep with flukicide at this time, timing may be dependent on parasite forecast
    - - anaemia
      - fluke tracts/scarring over liver surface, with adult (live) fluke present inside the cut liver and bile ducts
  - - - anaemia
      - haemoglobinuria
      - intracellular parasite visible in RBCs on blood smear via microscope. EDTA tube
- - - - congestion of meninges
      - microscopic lesions confined primarily to pons, medulla oblongata and anterior spinal cord
      - focal hepatic necrosis
      - haemorrhage gastroenteritis
    - - Listeric abortion usually occurs in the last trimester without premonitory signs. Fetuses usually die in utero, but stillbirths and neonatal deaths occur. The abortion rate varies and may reach 20% in sheep flocks. Fatal septicemia of the dam secondary to metritis is rare.
  - - - heavily pregnant ewes in last 4 weeks of pregnancy
      - middle ear infections
      - brain abscesses
      - Gid (coenurosis, tapeworm cyst in brain)
- - - - deteriorates 12-24h --> lies flat out with seizure activity during handling
        
        without tx: death within 3-5d
  - - - Vitamin B1 at 10mg/kg twice daily
      - IV at first