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TCA CYCLE, ENERGY PRODUCTION, REGULATION, ANAPLEROTIC REACTIONS …

- - - - removes 3 -COOH groups as CO2
        
        Produce 2 NADH
- - - - Produce 1 NADH and 1 FADH2
- - - - catalyzed de-hydration & re-hydration reactions
      - Fe-S protein
      - Inhibited by: fluoroacetate (rat poision/plant toxin)
    - - Oxidative decarboxylation reaction
        
        Yields
        1st NADH
        
        1st CO2
      - IRREVERSIBLE!
      - Rate-Limiting Step!
      - ENZYME:
        Isocitrate dehydrogenase
        
        allosterically activated by ADP (low energy signal)
        &
        Ca2+ (muscle contraction)
      - STEP 4:
        a-Ketoglutarate -> Succinyl-CoA
        
        Oxidative decarboxylation
        
        Releases:
        2nd CO2 & NADH
        
        ENZYME:
        a-Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
        
        inhibited by ATP, GRP, NADH, succinyl-CoA
        
        activated by Ca2+ (muscle contraction)
        
        Succinyl-CoA has high-energy bond
        
        STEP 5:
        Succincyl-CoA-> Succinate
        
        Produces 1 GTP --> ATP
        
        Substrate-level phosphorylation!
        
        ENZYME:
        Succinate Thiokinase
        (succinyl-CoA synthetase
        
        STEP 6:
        Succinate -> Fumarate
        
        ENZYME:
        Succinate dehydrogenase
        
        ONLY enzyme that is embedded in inner mitochondrial membrane
        
        also in Complex II of ETC!
        
        STEP 7:
        Fumarate -> Malate
        
        ENZYME:
        Fumarase
        
        H20 added to fumarate double bond
        
        freely reversible reaction
        
        STEP 8:
        Malate-> Oxaloacetate
        
        ENZYME:
        Malate dehydrogenase
        
        2 more items...