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Religious Studies Religion and Ethics, Synderesis, G.E. Moore 1873-1958…
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Synderesis
Aquinas connected synderesis to natural law, identifying the first practical principles, of which synderesis is the habit, with the general principles of natural law.
According to Aquinas, conscience is the consideration of a specific case in light of one's moral knowledge.
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Conscientia
knowledge within oneself, consciousness, feeling. knowledge within oneself of right or wrong; conscience; remorse.
The natural, God given and indefinable group of the need to do good and avoid evil (the Primary Precept of Natural law)
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G.E. Moore 1873-1958 was a Non-Naturalism (Intuitionism) 
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Committing the naturalistic fallacy means one is either:“Confusing `Good’ with a natural or metaphysical property or holding it to be identical with such a property.”
Problem of Ethical Naturalism: Firstly you cannot deduce an OUGHT from an IS, Secondly Cannot move from FACTS to VALUES, Thirdly Cannot move from EPISTEMOLOGY, which mean knowledge, to ETHICS.
G.E. Moore, Principia Ethica 1903 “Good is a non-definable property” “We know what `yellow’ is, and can recognise it whenever it is seen, but we cannot actually define it.” (GE Moore)
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Joseph Butler
Whereas Aquinas sees the conscience as the mens applying moral principles, Joseph butler gave conscience a rather different role, as a guarding or controlling influence over the different aspects of human nature.
Conscience for Butler is like a king telling us what to do. It knows, in any particular situation, what is the morally right thing to do.
Problem with Butler's view It has been objected against Butler that he gives to the intuitive judgements of conscience an ultimacy and now authority which they cannot possibly have.
Naturalistic Fallacy
The naturalistic fallacy is an informal logical fallacy which argues that if something is 'natural' it must be good. It is closely related to the is/ought fallacy – when someone tries to infer what 'ought' to be done from what 'is'.
Emotivism
Ethical statements merely express a person’s emotions. They have no cognitive, knowledge content.
i.e. ethical statements are neither true or false.
A.J Ayer
Became popular through the work of Alfred Ayer and Logical Positivists Ethical Statements simply express an individuals emotion.
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Can business be ethical?
Aristotle: Profiting by selling goods at more than you paid for them is wrong, because it involves exploitation Making money from lending and charging interest is the ‘most hateful’ form of this.
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Socrates
Ethical naturalism may argue that, on Utilitarian ground, it can be proven that Trump being President produces the greatest number for the greatest number.
The conflicts caused by the creation of the super-ego led to the creation of a 'guilty conscience'. The conscience develops into a powerful force. Independent of reason and instinct. It leads feeling of guilt based on the perceived expectations of society.
However the Super-ego divided it into two activities. Freud based this idea on the way that parents behave their children as they bring them up.
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