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CH4: Energy and Cellular Metabolism - Coggle Diagram
CH4: Energy and Cellular Metabolism
Chemical Reactions
transfer energy from one system to another
substance undergoes a chemical change, turning into a different substance by breaking bonds and making new ones.
Participants
Reactants
starting materials with one or more molecules
Products
Ending materials with one or more products
Reactions Rate
Speed of a Chemical Reaction
Factors
Activation Energy
Low energy is a spontaneous reaction
High Energy is a slow reaction
Initial amount of energy required to make reactants react with one another; push to start a reaction
to overcome this
Activation Energy Barrier
Law of Mass Action
increase in reactant concentration tends to move the reaction toward the production of more product
Increase concentration leads to a slow reaction rate that makes the product
Ex) adding reactant or removing product shifts equilibrium to the right; adding product or removing reactant moves equilibrium to the left.
effects how and when chemical reactions occur inside cells
Enzymes
Proteins that speed up a chemical reaction
Act as a catalyst
Model Enzymes
Inducted Fit Model
Flexible Active Site
substrate shape change for better fits
Specificity
react with a certain molecule type
react with a related group of molecules
Coenzymes
receptors and areas for atoms or functional groups that are removed from substrates during the reaction
Vitamins are precursor of coenzymes
ex) water soluble vitamin b and c.
Not needed in large amounts
electron carriers to transfer electrons from one reaction to another; oxidized or reduced
Factors affecting its activity
pH
Temperature
Inhibitors
prevent catalytic activity
slow reaction rates
prevent substances from binding to active site
Types
Normal- substrate binds normally to an enzyme's active site
Competitive- mimics substrate, competing for the active site, makes active site jagged; reversed by adding more substrate
Non-Competitive- binds to the enzyme away from the active site; alters the shape of the enzyme so the active site no longer functions.
Allosteric Regulation of Enzymes- modulator that binds to regulatory site of enzyme; changes shape and activity of an enzyme.
Irreversible Inhibition- destroys enzymes; toxic gas
Types
Catabolic
breakdown of organic molecules that gives energy
in the form of heat
Anabolic Reactions
Building organic molecules that need energy
trapped in chemical bonds
Endogonic Reactions
trap activation energy in the products, allowing more free energy in reactants
Exergonic Reactions
release energy due to products having less energy than products
Reversible Reaction
reactions can go either way
Irreversible Reaction
reactions are one way
Energy in Biological Reactions
FADH2, NADH, NADPH
capture energy with their hydrogen atom
NADP, FADH
convert energy to ATP
Energy and Enzymes
Energy
Ability to do Work
Transport Work
moving ions, molecules and larger particles through cell membrane and organelles
Concentration Gradients
concentration difference between two places
Mechanical Work
Microscopic Organisms
organelle movement
Animals
use for movement via muscle contractions
Chemical Work
Breaking and making of Chemical bonds; releasing/storing energy
Cells and organisms grow, maintain internal environment
Two Forms
Potential
Stored Energy that will make work
In the human body, the general storage is the chemical bonds of chemicals inside
Kinetic
Energy in Motion
When pushed against its concentration gradient, kinetic energy turns into potential energy.
In the human body, this takes the form of heat, and molecules moving across a membrane
Conversion from potential to kinetic energy is never 100%
lost to the environment as heat
factored by process efficiency
Thermodynamics
Study of Energy
First Law of Thermodynamics
Energy is constant; Universe is a closed system
Human Body is an Open System
energy and materials come from surroundings via food
Energy can be converted from one form to another
Second Law of Thermodynamics
natural spontaneous processes that go from a state of order/non-randomness to a state of disorder/randomness
Entropy- State of Randomness/Disorder
open systems loose energy to their surroundings without no means of regaining it.
Metabolism
sum of all chemical reactions in a cell
Energy Metabolism- reactions using energy storage and use
Types
Anabolism- storing energy through making chemical bonds
Catabolism- releasing energy through chemical bond breakdowns
Lipid Catabolism
triglycerides turn into glycerol+ 3 fatty acids
Glycerol is put into glycolysis
fatty acids go into beta oxidations for acetyl CoA then to Citric Acid/Kreb's cycle
Protein Catabolism
Proteolysis
proteins turn into amino acids
Deanimation
removal of an amino group from an amino acid
enter various metabolism stages
Kilocalories- energy currency in the body; kinetic/potential energy depending on situation;
Regulate by
using various enzymes to do a reversible reaction
maintaining optimal ATP to ADP ratio.
putting enzymes inside an organelle
producing modulators to change reaction rates via inhibtors
controlling enzyme concentration
Highly coordinated chemical reaction where substrate A turns into product B, which turns into product C, which turns into product D and so on.
Oxidation Reaction
molecules lose electrons; increased number of bonds to oxygen
Reduction Reaction
molecules gain electrons; decreased number of bonds to oxygen
Hydrolysis
dehydration
bonds combine, with water as a product
hydrolysis
molecules are broken down into simpler molecules by adding water to form bonds
Cellular Respiration
Glycolysis
reaction that can either be aerobic or anaerobic depending on organism
Pyruvate in aerobic conditions
oxidizes to become acetyl CoA
goes into Citric Acid Cycle
pyruvates breakdown to make Acetyl CoA, 1 NADH, and one CO2.
oxidation-reduction reaction
needs hydrogen atoms and electrons; one molecule is oxidized and loss of H atom; another is reduced and gain of H atom
done by dehydrogenase enzyme
two turns of cycle for each glucose (2 pyruvate).
makes 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2/ glucose; FADH and NAD+ have a role to pick up hydrogen atoms for the oxidative phosphorylation
Enters the Oxidative Phosphorylation
NADH and FADH2 release electrons and H+ to the ETS (Electron Transport System); NAD+ and FAD are coenzymes that are recycleable
energy released when high energy elctrons go through the transport system to concentrate H+ from the mitochondria; H+ concentration is a potential energy source; goes against concentration gradient.
electrons released their energy
1 more item...
coenzymes deliver electrons to ETC proteins; energy from electrons pumps hydrogen ions across membrane
Chemiosmosis
ETC makes an electrochemical gradient
buildup of H+ in the mitochondria intermembrane space.
ATP synthase is in the inner mitochondrial membrane
1 more item...
main function is converting coenzymes into ATP energy; take place in mitochondria
High ATP yield
CO2
Linking Step
pyruvate oxidation to acetyl CoA
2 pyruvate/ glucose turns into 2 acetyl CoA
cytoplasm to mitochondria
Pyruvate in anaerobic conditions
turns into lactate
regeneration of NAD+ to continue glycolysis
Low ATP yield
Reaction of 1 molecule of glucose, 2 NAD+, 2Pi, 2 ADP,
6-carbon molecule becomes two 3-carbon pyruvate molecules
Steps
ATP energy input
no need for oxygen
2 NADH
2 H+
2 ATP
Phase 1: first 5 reactions put ATP/ energy to start reaction
Phase 2: the last 5 reactions produce ATP/energy
Phosphorylation Reaction
phosphate group is transferred; PO4 3-; made by kinase enzymes