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Vitamins - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Night blindness
      - xerophtalmia
      - bronchitis
      - pneumonia
      - hyperkeratosis
    - - hypercalcemia
      - sweating
      - diarrhea
      - hepatotoxic
      - vertigo
      - nausea/vomit
    - - growth and differentiation
      - intracell receptor
        Zn finger protein
    - - rods in the eye
      - rhodopsin
        
        Gt protein
        
        lower cGMP
        
        hyperpolarized
        
        see in the dark
    - - retinol
        
        hydroxyl
        
        growth
      - retinoic acid
        
        Carboxyl
        
        growth
      - retinal
        
        aldehyde
        
        cis- active form
        
        activated in pigmented epithelium
    - - AML M3
  - - - parathyroid
        
        PTH
        
        calcium reabsortion in
        expense of phosphate
    - - cholecalciferol
        vitamin D3
        
        25-hydrocholecalciferol
        
        1-25 dihydrocholecalciferol
        
        Bone
        
        osteoclast
        Ca2+ mineralization or
        demineralization (with PTH)
        
        active form
        aka calcitriol
        
        intestine
        (duodenum)
        
        increase Ca abstortion
        
        kidney
        
        1alpha-hydroxylase
        
        in the liver
        
        25-hydroxylase
      - in skin
      - by UV light
    - - adult
        
        osteomalacia
        
        bone pain
        and muscle weakness
      - kids
        
        rikets
        
        deformities of legs
        muscle weakness
    - - bone resorption
      - hypercalcemia
      - osteoporosis
      - polyuria
        polidipsia
        nocturia
      - kidney damage
  - - - hemolisis
      - peripheral neuropathy
        
        dorsal root lession
        DR ganglia (pain receptor)
      - ataxia
        
        spinocerebellar
    - - hemorrhage
        in warfarin treatment
      - risk of enterocolitis
        in infants
  - - - gamma carboxylation
        by gamma-glutamyl carboxylase
        
        to prothrombin
    - - X
      - IX
      - VII
      - II
    - - C
      - S
    - - easy bruising, bleeding
      - PT increase
      - association
        
        fat malabsortion
        
        long term
        antibiotic therapy
        
        new born with mother
        taking anticonvulsant
- - - - active form
        thiamine pyrophosphate
      - Cofactor
        
        Branched-chain
        ketoacid dehydrogenase
        
        Lack in maple syrup disease
        
        alpha-ketoglutarate
        dehydrogenase
        
        TCA cycle
        
        pyruvate dehydrogenase
        
        glycolysis to TCA cycle
        
        complex E1 require
        
        B1,B2,B3,B5 and
        lipoic acid
        
        Transketolase
        
        HMP shunt
        
        Wernike Korsakoff
      - deficiency
        
        MCC: alcoholism
        
        Wernike
        
        confusion
        
        ophthalmoplegia
        
        ataxia
        
        Korsakoff
        
        confabulation
        
        personality changes
        
        permanent memory loss
        
        Beri Beri
        
        Dry
        
        polyneuropathy
        
        symmetric muscle wasting
        
        Wet
        
        high-output cardiac failure
        
        edema
        
        tachycardia
    - - used in dehydrogenase reactions
        
        ATP associated
      - TCA cicle
      - Beta oxidation
      - deficiency
        
        chelosis
        
        corneal neovascularization
        
        magenta-colored tonge
    - - dehydrogenase
      - synthesis require B2 and B6
      - high levels
        
        lower VLDL
        
        raises HDL
        
        prostaglandin face flush
      - defitiency
        
        pelagra
        
        Diarrhea
        
        dementia
        
        Dermatitis
        
        Hartnup disease
        
        low uptake of trp in kidney
        
        Isoniacid
        
        lower B6
        
        Carcinoid syndrome
        
        GI tummor secrete serotonin
        
        altered trp metabolism
      - excess
        
        podagra
    - - essential for CoA
      - Fatty acid synthase
      - piruvate dehidrogenase
      - deficiency
        
        rare
    - - aminotransaminase
      - delta-aminolevulinate synthase
        
        contain heme
      - gycogen phosphorilate
      - synthesis
        
        histamine
        
        niacin
        
        neurotransmitters
        
        serotonin
        
        epinephrine
        
        norepinephrine
        
        dopamine
        
        GABA
        
        heme
        
        require for ALA
        
        Low in Sideroblastic Anemia
      - excess
        
        sensory
        neuropathy
      - deficiency
        
        cause
        
        isoniacid
        
        alcoholism
        
        oral contaceptive
        
        sideroblastic anemia
        
        cheilosis
        
        hyperirritability
    - - Tip: ATP, Biotin, CO2
      - gluconeogenesis
        
        pyruvate carboxylase
      - Fatty acid synthesis
        
        Acetyl-CoA
      - Odd-carbon fatty acid
        Valine, Met, Ile,Thr
        
        Tip: VOMIT
        
        Propionyl-CoA
      - deficiency
        
        MCC: avidin in raw eggs
        
        alopesia
        
        bowel inflamation
        
        muscle pain
    - - thymidylate
        synthase
        
        U to T
      - active form THF
      - coenzime in
        
        1-carbon tranfer/methylation
        
        Homocysteine metabolism
      - Deficiency
        
        megaloblastic anemia
        
        hypersegmented PMN
        
        high homocysteine
        normal methylmalonic acid
        
        MCC: pregnancy, alcoholism, hemodialisis
        
        store depleted in 3 months
        
        phenytoin
        
        block absortion
        
        Trimethopin
        metrotexate
        
        inhibit dihydrofolate reductase
        
        neural tube defects in fetus
    - - Methylmalonyl CoA mutase
        
        VOMIT path (DNA synthesis)
        require in TCA cycle
      - homocysteine methyltransferase
        
        untrap folate in storage form
        (N5-methyl THF)
      - deficiency
        
        hypersegmented PMN
        
        parasthesias
        
        megaloblastic anemia
        
        subacute combine degeneration of spinal cord
        
        MCC: pernicious anemia, malabsortion
        diphyllobothrim latum, absence of terminal ileum
        
        High MMA and homocysteine
  - - - hydroxylation of lysine and proljne
    - - Dopamine to NE
    - - scurvy
        
        anemia
        
        swollen gums
        
        easy bruising
        
        poor wound healing
    - - calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis
      - iron toxicity
      - used as treatment of methemoglobin