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Development through Life: Chapter 3 Psychosocial Theory, Eriksons 8 stage…
Development through Life:
Chapter 3 Psychosocial Theory
Psychosocial theory:
A theory of psychological development that proposes that cognitive, emotional, and social growth are the result of the interaction between social expectations at each life stage and the competencies that people bring to each life challenge.
3 features
Psychosocial theory addresses growth across the life span, identifying and differentiating central issues from infancy through elderhood.
Psychosocial theory assumes that individuals have the capacity to contribute to their own psychological development at each stage of life.
Psychosocial theory takes into consideration the active contribution of culture to individual growth.
individual reactions are evoked by social reactions, goals, aspirations
Six basic concepts
Stages of Development
A period of life dominated by a particular quality of thinking or a particular mode of social relationships
at every stage the characteristics differentiate, accomplishments from previous stages provide mastery for new stage, and
the concept of stages of development refers to a pattern of changes in the self-concept based on new cognitive capacities, new learning, and the acquisition of new relationship skills.
Epigenetic Principle
: the concept of stages of development refers to a pattern of changes in the self-concept based on new cognitive capacities, new learning, and the acquisition of new relationship skills.
Stages form a sequence
11 Stages of Development
Developmental tasks
introduced by Robert Havighurst
human development is a process in which people attempt to learn the tasks required of them by the society to which they are adapting.
age-graded expectations - tasks change with age
satisfaction when you learn
sensitive periods for learning tasks- teachable moments
If tasks are not learned during sensitive times in society then it may be extra difficult to learn later
Psychosocial crisis
psychosocial crisis refers to a state of tension that results from the discrepancies between the person’s competences at the beginning of a stage and the society’s expectations for behavior at that period of life
the result of cultural pressures and expectations
central processes for resolving the crisis stages
, each central process suggests a means by which the person recognizes new social pressures and expectations, gives these expectations personal meaning, and gradually changes.
The process, unfolding over time, results in a new relationship between self and society.
networks of significant relationships
the circles are comprised of complex networks of individuals who interact with each other as well as with the target person
This network of relationships plays a major role at every stage of life, impacting cognitive and emotional development, self-understanding, family and career roles, and physical health.
At each stage of life, the network of significant relationships determines the demands that will be made, how the person will be taken care of, conflicts the person is exposed to, and the meaning that could be derived from these relationships.
At each stage of life, the network of significant relationships determines the demands that will be made, how the person will be taken care of, conflicts the person is exposed to, and the meaning that could be derived from these relationships.
coping
Coping refers to people’s conscious, adaptive efforts to manage stressful events or situations and their efforts to manage the emotions associated with these stressors
in order to understand how a person copes, we must understand:
how it is perceived by the person
the nature of the stressor
the range of resources that are available to address the situation
One’s approach to coping also depends on the values, beliefs, and goals of the person or family involved and how these values, beliefs, and goals lead to a particular interpretation of the stressor event.
individuals and families differ in the resources that are available to cope with a difficult situation.
important aspect of coping is the ability to redefine or reappraise the situation in a positive way.
As a result of experiencing mastery and competence through coping, one builds a more positive expectation about being able to face new challenges, an outlook that contributes to the positive resolution of subsequent psychosocial crises.
Developed and created by
Erik H. Erikson
Erik Erikson (1902–1994) illustrates the psychosocial perspective by describing the personal, family, and societal factors that contributed to his own identity crisis.
Psychosocial Evolution
: Julian Huxley
refers to the human abilities that allow us to gather knowledge from our ancestors and transmit it to our descendants.
EX:Childrearing practices, education, and modes of communication
The theory provides a broad, integrative framework within which to study the life span.
The theory provides insight into the directions of healthy development across the life span.
Many of the basic ideas of the theory have been operationalized using traditional and novel approaches to assessment.
The concept of psychosocial crises, including the positive and negative poles of the crisis, offers a model for considering individual differences within a framework of normal development.
The concept of the psychosocial crisis identifies predictable tensions between socialization and maturation.
Longitudinal studies support the general direction of development hypothesized by the theory.
Explanations for the mechanisms of crisis resolution and process of moving from one stage to the next need to be developed more fully.
The idea of a specific number of stages of life and their link to a genetic plan for development is disputed.
The theory and much of its supporting research have been dominated by a male, Eurocentric perspective that gives too much emphasis to individuality and not enough attention to connection and social relatedness.
The specific ways that culture encourages or inhibits development at each stage of life are not clearly elaborated.
Eriksons 8 stage of development
(VIDEO)
Strengths
Weaknesses
