Is concerned with describing the speech sounds that occur in the languages of the world.

To describe all the sounds used in human language-sounds

Acoustic phonetics, auditory phonetics and articulatory phonetics

At the production of them, the passage through which the air travels, however, is never so narrow as to obstruct the free flow of the airstream.

They are produced with some restriction or closure in the vocal tract that impedes the flow of air from the lungs.

Is where in the vocal tract the airflow restriction occurs

Tongue and lips

They are produced with both lips.

These sounds are produced by touching the bottom lip to the upper teeth.

They are produced with the tip of the tongue between the upper and lower teeth.

They are articulated by raising the front part of the tongue to the alveolar ridge.

They are produced when the front part of the tongue is raised to a point on the hard palate just behind the alveolar ridge.

These sounds are produced by raising the back of the tongue to the soft palate or velum.

Uvular sounds are produced by raising the back of the tongue to the uvula, the fleshy appendage that hangs down in the back of the throat.

They are produced at the glottis or the space between the vocal cords.

Refers to how the airflow is constricted in the vocal tract. If it may be blocked or partially blocked; the vocal cords may vibrate or not vibrate.

If the vocal cords are apart during airflow, the air flows freely through the glottis and supraglottal cavities are voiceless

If the vocal cords are together, the airstream forces its way through and causes them to vibrate are voiced

Aspirated sounds are produced when an extra puff of air escapes through the open glottis

Unaspirated sounds are produced when the vocal cords start vibrating as soon as the lips open.

Oral sounds are sounds produced with the velum up, blocking the air from escaping through the nose.

Nasal sounds: When the velum is not in its raised position, air escapes through both the nose and the mouth.

Continuants: Sounds in which there is no stoppage in the oral tract

Stops: Sounds that are stopped completely in the oral cavity for a brief period

Plosives: The air that is blocked in the mouth "explodes" when the closure is released.

Fricatives [f] [v] [θ] [ð] [s] [z]: In the production of some continuants, the airflow so severely obstructed that it causes friction, and the sounds are therefore called fricatives.

Affricates: Some sounds are produced by a stop closure followed immediately by a gradual release of the closure that produces an effect characteristic of a fricative.

Liquid consonants: In the production of the sounds [l] and [r], there is some obstruction of the airstream in the mouth, but not enough to cause any real constriction or friction.

Glides: They are produced with little or no obstruction of the airstream in the mouth. They are always preceded or followed directly by a vowel.

Lip rounding: They are produced with the lips pursed, or rounded, and the back of the tongue at decreasing heights.

A diphthong is a sequence of two sounds, vowel + glide. The vowels that are simple vowels (just one vowel sound) are monophthongs.

When the nasal passage is blocked, oral vowels result; when the nasal passage is open, nasal (or nasalized) vowels result.

When nonconcontinuants are produced, occur a total obstruction of the airstream in the oral cavity, when continuants, are produced the stream of air flows continuously out the mouth.

• Obstruents: The airstream may be fully obstructed, as in nonnasal stops and affricates, or partially obstructed, as in the production of fricatives.
• Sonorants: Are produced with relatively free airflow through either the mouth or nose

Labials: Labial sounds are those articulated with the involvement of the lips. Coronals: These are sounds articulated by raising the tongue blade. Anterior: Anterior sounds are consonants produced in the front part of the mouth. Sibilants: The friction created in the production of fricatives and affricates causes a hissing sound.