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Energy Metabolism: Photosynthesis, must match for photochemical process -…
Energy Metabolism: Photosynthesis
Concepts:
Vocabulary:
Entropy
disorder
Photoautotrophs
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energy from photosynthesis
green plants
cyanobacteria
chlorophyllous leaves
stems
algae
Heterotroph
energy from organic molecules
animals
parasitic plants
fungi
nonphotosynthetic prokaryotes
roots
wood
flowers
protozoa
bacteria
Plant Absorbs:
CO2
H2O
minerals
Energy Source:
sunlight
Metabolism Change:
Seedlings
Underground = heterotrophic
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Aboveground: photoautotrophic
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Photosynthesis
CO2 + Sunlight
= Carbohydrate
endergonic reaction
driven by ATP
Energy and Reducing Power
Energy Carriers
Pigements
large molecule
nonmobile
energetic
ATP enters rxn
guanosine triphosphate
ADP to ATP
Photophosphorylation
sunlight
chloroplasts
Substrate-level phosphorylation
rxns w/o O2
cytosol
oxidative phosphorylation
O2
mitochondria
Reducing Power
Oxidize
Raise oxidation
remove electron
Reduce
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lower oxidation
add electron
opposites
moving electrons
NAD+
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reduced to
NADH
NADP+
reduced to
NADPH
oxidizing agents
Other Electron Carriers
Cytochromes
small
contain iron
intrinsic membrane proteins
thylakoid membrane
short distance
Plastoquinones
lipid soluable
short distance
hydrophobic
Plastocyanin
contain copper
short distance
Photosynthesis
CO2 + Water = carbohydrate
Water and CO2
abundant
little chemical energy
create intermediates
ATP
NADPH
Light Dependent reactions
Products are nontoxic
Electron Source = water
energy source = light
Stroma reactions
ATP + NADPH + CO2 = carbohydrate
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Light Dependent Reactions
The Nature of Light
Electromagnetic radiation spectrum
gamma rays
xrays
ultraviolet
infrared
microwaves
radio waves
visible light
ROYGBIV
radiation
quanta
set of particles
(photons)
Nature of Pigments
The color that is reflected
melanin
color of skin
allows for:
attracting mates
pollinators
frugivores
hiding from predators
photosynthetic pigments
transfer absorbed light energy
chlorophyll a
absorbs some red
dont use high energy quanta
too much energy
absorbs blue
essential
large
flat
hydrophobic tail
porphyrin ring structure
fluorescence
release of light by pigment
absorption spectrum
which wavelengths are absorbed by pigment
action spectrum
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wavelengths effective @ powering photochemical process
accessory pigments
absorb what chlorophyll a doesnt
chlorophyll b
large
flat
porphyrin ring structure
hydrophobic tail
carotenoids
antenna complex
300 chlorophylls
carotenoids
proteins
photosynthetic unit
granule packed w/ pigment
contains:
antenna complex
reaction center
chlorophyll b
abundant in some
photosystem 2
not abundant in others
photosystem 1
Photosystem 1
P700
pair of chlorophylls
absorb red light of 700nm
ferredoxin
located in thylakoid membrane
small protein
active site contains
2 Fe atoms + 2 S atoms
electrons passed from ferredoxin
to enzyme (ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase)
reduces to NADPH
Photosystem 2
produces NADPH
P700 loses electrons
works backwards from P1
plastocyanin
contains copper
donates electron to chlorophyll a
receives new electron from
cytochrome b6/f complex
complex of cytochrome molecules
gets electron from plastoquinone
gets electrons from Q
1 more item...
P680
electron transport chain
various electron carriers
necessary to produce ATP
synthesis of ATP
chemiosmotic phosphorylation
chloroplasts fold
form thylakoids
swell to form vesicles
sets call grana
b/w grana = frets
surrounding liquid= stroma
thylakoid lumen
rxns that break down water
ATP synthase
CF0--CF1 complex
CF0
proton chanel
CF1
ADP to ATP
noncyclic electron transport
electrons flow smoothly
from water to NADPH
cyclic electron transport
proton in to thylakoid lumen
extra ATP
Stroma Reactions (C3 Cycle)
CO2 to Carbohydrate
RuBP reacts w/ CO2
two molecule form having:
3-phosphoglycerates
RUBISCO
enzyme
mediates photosynthesis
HUGE
production of food for
heterotrophs
Anabolic Metabolism
anabolism
constructive metabolism
Short term storage
ATP & NADPH uses w/in cell
intermediate storage
glucose & sucrose moved cell to cell
w/in vascular tissue
cause cell to absorb water
long storage
starch
amylose
unbranched polymer of gucose
digest slowly
amylopectin
digest rapidly
lipids
synthesis of polysaccharides
gluconeogenesis
synthesis of glucose
store starch in
chloroplasts
amyloplasts
Environmental and Internal Factors
Light
3 important properties
Quality
Colors or wavelengths
Quantity
Intensity or brightness
Clear vs. cloudy
Evolving protection
dead trichomes
Plant hair
Heavy coat of wax
greatest at noon
Duration
hrs/day of sunlight
Leaf Structure
above:
palisade parenchyma
below:
spongy mesophyll
Water
Night
stomata closed
retain water
C4 Metabolism
Photorespiration
Phosphoglycolate broken down into 2 CO2
Energy wasting
CO2 absorbed
transported through
O2 is kept away from RUBISCO
PEP Carboxylase
binds rapid and firm to CO2
never picks up O2
monocots
corn
sugarcane
sorghum
grasses
some eudicots
CAM
improves water conservation
permits photosynthesis
stomata open at night
Hot climates
cacti
orchid
bromeliads
lilies
euphorbias
must match for photochemical process
