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transport - Coggle Diagram

- - - - modes of transportation refer to the types of transport used to facilitate the movement of people or goods from one place to another
      - public (transport provided by the government or private companies) : buses , trains and taxis
      - private (transport owned by individuals) : cars , motorcycles
      - modes of transportation in cities vary to cater the needs of people
    - - a transport network refers to a system of transport routes connecting a set of nodes
      - a node refers to a place where lines in a network cross or join
      - a route refers to the connection between two nodes
      - the greater number of routes and nodes, the greater the network density
      - a dense transport network is highly developed and well-connected
    - - transport infrastructure refers to facilities such as roads, highways, railway tracks and bus terminals
      - a high-quality transport infrastructure us a well-paved and well-lit road with many lanes
      - characteristics of a high quality transport infrastructure
        
        large capacity : the ability to move large numbers of people at any one time
        
        efficient : frequent services to move people quickly
        
        dependable and reliable : a transport system that can be depended on to move people constantly, on time and with few interruptions
        
        comfortable : clean travelling environment allowing a comfortable commute
        
        safe : little danger of car accidents, bus collisions or train derailing ; presence of safety features such as track barriers and emergency buttons on trains
  - - - slow travelling speeds
      - vehicular queues that last for more than 15 minutes and can stretch up to 1km
      - driving speeds at 10km/h
      - vehicles come to a standstill
- - - - it connects various modes of transportation such that it functions as a whole
      - it also encourages people to use public transport
      - it is more convenient, accessible and efficient. people can make use of the different modes of transportation to commute quickly
      - it requires intensive planning and is costly to build thus it may not be feasible in all countries
    - - they are specially set aside for private and public buses on specific days and times so that they are able to enter and exit bus stops smoothly and quickly. thus regulations that give priority to buses are necessary as they provide faster and uninterrupted journey's for commuters
      - this improves bus speeds and reliability
      - bus lanes allow buses to move quickly so that buses will not be held up during traffic congestion and they will arrive on schedule more often during peak hours thus making bus travelling more appealing
      - the success of the scheme depends on the compliance of the bus drivers too and allocating a lane for the buses takes away precious road capacity for other drivers thus designated bus lanes may lead to traffic congestion for private car users
    - - means increasing the number of locations that trains can reach
      - more tracks can be laid to ensure that the rail networks covers a large area and more stations can be built so more locations have access to trains
      - trains have very high capacities and can transport many people at a time and so people can travel to more destinations by train, some of which were previously accessible only by car or bus
      - building rail networks is expensive. proposed rail lines may ciut through housing estates and buildings, affecting residents with the construction noises. the residents may have to bear with the noise or give up their property to make way for new lines , causing inconvenience for residents and businesses in the area
    - - bus and rail systems can be upgraded to carry more people and arrive more frequently to relieve traffic congestion
      - transport operators can also put systems in place so that buses and trains arrive at scheduled times
      - more trains have been added to existing lines and the train signalling system will be upgraded
      - more people can be transported within a shorter amount of time
      - the increase of frequency and capacity of buses and trains could be costly
  - - - refers to a traffic management measure that charges drivers when they use certain roads
      - they are adjusted from time to time
      - prices are higher during peak hours to discourage the use of certain roads
      - road pricing is implemented via the Electronic Road Pricing (ERP) system in Singapore . these gantries are located in areas that are more congested
      - the higher costs during peak hours discourage driving at that time and drivers may then use alternative modes of transport such as public buses and trains
      - traffic is diverted to other roads as drivers avoid the ERP, leading to congestion elsewhere
    - - this would increase the cost driving (CBD) and encourage people to take public transport instead
      - high parking fees add to the cost of owning and using a car thus discouraging the ownership of a car
      - drivers may resort to illegal parking to avoid paying the high fees and the car may block traffic or even pose a danger to drivers
    - - they can alert the drivers of traffic congestion and they can avoid travelling on that road
      - Expressway Monitoring and Advisory System (EMAS). live information will be made available to drivers on the roads about the current situation, causing the drivers to opt to take an alternative route
      - Green Link Determining system (GLIDE). it is a computerised traffic light signalling system that detects vehicles and pedestrians at major road junctions and adjusts the green time according to traffic conditions
      - drivers can avoid places with traffic congestion
      - traffic monitoring only encourages drivers to drive elsewhere but does not reduce the number of vehicles on the road
  - - - refers to a work arrangement where employees work from home or at a location near their home thus not having the need to commute to work
      - it is made possible by technology such as internet connections, computers and telephone lines
      - people do not need to travel out of their residential areas to go to work, reducing the number of drivers and public transport passengers during peak hours
    - - bicycles are environmentally friendly and a convenient mode of transport due to the mobility and flexibility they offer
      - cycling is a mode of transport that provides flexibility and mobility and is environmentally friendly and sustainable
      - it is dangerous for cyclists as cycling lanes are very near to motor vehicles on the road and some cities are not suited to cycling due to the layout, traffic conditions and topography
- - - - the most accessible part of the island to present time
      - as such, traffic congestion is likely to occur along the roads leading into and out of CBD
    - - CBD has more roads built up and has more complex infrastructure such as MRT, highways , and is better developed than western parts of the island
- - - - reduced productivity
        
        productivity refers to the rate at which goods or services are produced and it involves engaging in activities that bring about economic benefit
        
        traffic congestion reduced productivity as people have to spend more time commuting and this wastes productive time that could be spent on productive work
        
        productivity does down when the transport system is inefficient , leading to an economic loss for the country as a whole
      - stress on physical and mental health
        
        traffic congestion can cause stress and anxiety, negatively affecting their physical and mental health
        
        physical health refers to the general condition of a person's body
        
        mental health refers to a person's psychological state as indicated by his or her emotions and behaviour
        
        long travelling times can lead to fatigue , causing drivers to be more prone to losing their concentration or falling asleep, causing accidents or even deaths
        
        the exhaust fumes from idling vehicles stuck in traffic include carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and particulate matter. some matter can be so small that they can penetrate deep into lung tissues and thus causing inflammation. long tetrm exposure to these fumes can cause asthma and lung disease
        
        drivers can become prone to stress and frustration while stuck in traffic, increasing the chance of them being involved in accidents and fights with other drivers
    - - air pollution
        
        the emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide by cars and other emitted gases such as carbon monoxide and sulphur dioxide cause the earth's temperature to rise as they trap heat
        
        wasted fuel will increase air pollution and carbon dioxide emissions when vehicles remain stationary in a traffic congestion or constantly accelerate and brake stop-start traffic
        
        other harmful pollutants are also produced by cars, whicn contribute to poor air quality
        
        smog is a combination of both smoke and fog, caused by exhaust and particles from cars and factories ,causing difficulty in breathing, asthma, reduced resistance to lung infections, colds and eye infections.furthermore, the exposure to smog can reduce life expectancy by as much as 15 years and it can slow down plant growth and the tiny pollutant particles may also be deposited on soil and water surfaces, thereby entering the food chain and poisoning animals , thus harming the environment
      - noise pollution
        
        occurs when there is excessive and harmful noise that may disrupt human and animal life as it can disturb sleep, cause cardiovascular and psychophysiological effects, reduce performance and provoke annoyance and changes in social behaviour