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CANE TOADS (Bufo marinus)(Rhinella marina), REFERENCES (AUSM) https…
CANE TOADS (Bufo marinus)(Rhinella marina)
WHO
brought in the legislation in regards to them?
introduction
introduced them to Australia?
Reginald Mungomery was the BSES entomologist in charge of addressing the cane beetle problem (NMA)
The Australian Bureau of Sugar Experimental Stations imported about 100 toads from Hawaii to the Meringa Experimental Station near Cairns (AUSM)
needed them?
Sugar cane farmers
WHAT
Population
is their population size now?
will be their population if they go untreated?
moving westward at an estimated 40 to 60 km per year (GOV)
was their population size when introduced?
alternatives to cane toads are there?
agricultural chemicals (GOV)
profile
do they do?
specices are there?
is their life span?
are cane toads?
is their habitat?
closed scrub, grassland, low open forest, low shrubland, open forest, open woodland, woodland (AUSM)
Predators
are their predators?
no specific predators (GOV)
are they predators of?
ground-dwelling predator, primarily eating terrestrial and aquatic insects and snails (GOV)
legislation has been brought in in regards to them?
‘The biological effects, including lethal toxic ingestion, caused by Cane Toads (Bufo marinus)’ are listed as a key threatening process under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act) (GOV)
The Australian Government cane toad commitment is providing more than $2 million over two years (2008-09 to 2009-10) to reduce the impacts of cane toads and to develop a national cane toad plan (GOV)
methods are there to get rid of them?
possible to control cane toad numbers humanely in a small area, such as a local creek or pond (GOV)
by collecting the long jelly-like strings of cane toad eggs from the water or by humanely disposing of adult cane toads. However, at tadpole and adult stages Cane Toads can be confused with native tadpoles or large frogs (GOV)
Fine-mesh fencing can also assist in keeping cane toads from ponds that are in need of special protection (GOV)
No large scale approach at the moment and it is unlikely that there will ever be (GOV)
was happening before they were introduced?
do they need to stay alive?
constant access to moisture to survive (GOV)
WHEN
Problem
was legislation brought in?
did they become a problem?
Introduction
were they needed?
were they introduced?
1935 (GOV)
The Australian Bureau of Sugar Experimental Stations imported about 100 toads from Hawaii to the Meringa Experimental Station near Cairns. The toads bred quickly and more than 3000 were released in the sugar cane plantations of north Queensland in July 1935. (AUSM)
do they breed?
WHY
are they a pest?
Poisonous (NSW)
Predatory (NSW)
Competitive (NSW)
Adaptive (NSW)
introduction
cane toads and not something else?
were they introduced?
controlling pest beetles in the sugar cane industry (GOV)
To eat French's Cane Beetle and the Greyback Cane Beetle. The 'whitegrub' larvae of these beetles eat the roots of sugar cane and kill or stunt the plants. (AUSM)
Reginald Mungomery was inspired by somewhat spurious reports from Hawaii where the toad had been introduced from Puerto Rico to control sugar cane beetles (NMA)
was legislation brought in?
WHERE
are they from?
native to South and Central America (GOV)
Australia
are they a probelm?
are they not a problem?
are they located now?
were they introduced?
cane toads were introduced to Byron Bay in 1965 (GOV)
The Australian Bureau of Sugar Experimental Stations imported about 100 toads from Hawaii to the Meringa Experimental Station near Cairns (AUSM)
are they pests in other parts of the world?
HOW
: :
effect
do they affect the environment?
does the environment adapt?
do they affect animals?
do animals adapt?
Snakes have been found to adapt to cane toads, in terms biological traits (Phillips & Shine,2014)
do they reproduce?
can breed at any time of year but seem to prefer the weather conditions that occur with the onset of the wet season (GOV)
lay their eggs in still or slow-moving waters (GOV)
Females can lay 8000–30 000 eggs at a time (GOV)
eggs hatch in two or three days and the tadpole stage lasts between four and eight weeks (GOV)
In tropical conditions, the toadlets can reach adult size within a year, but this may take twice that long in colder climates (GOV)
control/remove
how effective are these methods?
do they methods of getting rid of cane toads work?
REFERENCES
(AUSM)
https://australian.museum/learn/animals/frogs/cane-toad/
(GOV)
https://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/invasive-species/publications/factsheet-cane-toad-bufo-marinus
(NATG)
https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/amphibians/c/cane-toad/
(NMA)
https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/introduction-of-cane-toads
(NSW)
https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/topics/animals-and-plants/pest-animals-and-weeds/pest-animals/cane-toads
(Phillips & Shine,2014)
Phillips, B., & Shine, R. (2004). Adapting to an invasive species: Toxic cane toads induce morphological change in Australian snakes. Proceedings Of The National Academy Of Sciences, 101(49), 17150-17155.
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0406440101
