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Five Elements of Language -"An Introduction" by Gass &…
Five Elements of Language -"An Introduction" by Gass & Selinker & "Learning About Language Structure" by Diaz-Rico & Weed
Language acquisition
study of how languages are learned
concerned with the nature of the hypotheses for ELLs with rules of second language
impacts linguistics, psychology, psycholinguistics, sociology, sociolinguistics, discourse analysis, conversational analysis, education
Language
Dynamic Language
morphological changes
phonology changes
students learn language without understanding how language works
semantic meaning changes
syntatic changes
semantic meaning changes
Complex Language
concrete concepts
abstract concepts
not primitive
all languages complex
arbitrary
relationship of sounds and meanings/ gestures and meanings
Language structure
discrete sound segments
class of vowels
class of consonants
finite set of sounds
infinite set of possible sentences
contain rules for the formation of words and sentences
past references for time
ability to negate
form questions
issue commands
teachers design lessons to build language in a systematic way
Patterns of language
morphology
morphemes
basics of meaning
same sound sometimes
alternate phonetic forms
free morphemes
stand alone
bound morphemes
in conjunction with others
affixes
prefixes
suffixes
infixes
study of meaning units
phonology
stress
increase in vocal activity
modifies word meaning
proper stress of syllables
high and low pitch
compound words first syllable stressed
proper nouns- last syllable stressed
homonyms- first syllable stressed
requires focused listening training for ELLs for context
correct pronunciation most difficult for ELLs
teachers can hurt fluency if focused too much on correct pronunciation
phonemes
range from 20-50
distinctive units to form words
phonemic sequences
initial/ medial/ and final position combos
described by characteristic points of articulation
vocal chord vibration or not (stops)
point placements
may not necessarily have phonemic awareness
pitch
plays role in determining meaning
phonological component of language
tone languages
intonation
vibration of vocal chords
word-formation processes
clipping
process of shortening words
acronyms
computer shorthand
acronyms for technology
blends
words from parts of two words
syntax
sentence structures
acquired as children
internal knowledge
grammar
standard/ colloquial usage
semantics
study of meanings of individual words of phrases and sentences
high degree of stability/conformity
ambiguous meanings
multiple meanings
English rich in synonyms
must learn to distinguish denotations connotations and meaning
ELLs must make semantic shifts when writing
pragmatics
language functions
appropriate language
conversational rules
turn-taking
rules for speakers and listeners
topic focus and relevance
relationship between speakers for topics, context, and genre
conversational repair
misunderstanding clearing techniques
classroom discourse
display questions
difficult for other learning new language and class discourse patterns
scripts of expectations
nonverbal communication
body language
gestures
facial expressions
eye contact
communicative distance
conceptions of time
Nature of language
possible sounds and not possible sounds
what needs to be learned
Definitions
native language
target language
second language acquisition
foreign language learning
