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Year 11 Biology - Coggle Diagram
Year 11 Biology
Module 1
Cell Types
Prokaryotic (no membrane bound, no nucleus e.g. bacteria)
Eukaryotic (membrane bound organelles, e.g. paramecium, amoeba)
Microscopes
Light microscope (500x, 0.2 res, cheaper, quick, living, staining)
Electron (dead samples, 1,000,000x, 0.002 res, expensive, more detail) two types: scanning, transmission
Organelles
Cell membrane; entry and exit, phospholipid bilayer
Nucleus; DNA storage, control centre, nuclear pores
Nucleolus; RNA, manufactures ribosomes
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Golgi body / apparatus; process, package, sort
Lysosomes; made by Golgi, break down (substances, dead cells)
Endoplasmic reticulum; RER = transports, ribosomes. SER = lipids, inactivate drugs. (folded membrane -> large surface area)
Chloroplast; photosynthesis, in plants, double membrane
Vacuole; small in animals, big in plants (support), storage
Cytoplasm; 90% water, site of reactions
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Cell chemicals
Inorganic (no C-H bonds)
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Water, mineral ions (calcium; bones, structure), gases (respiration)
Organic (C-H bonds)
Carbohydrates (CHO)
Monosaccharides; quick energy, e.g. glucose
Disaccharides; quick energy, two units e.g. sucrose
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Lipids (CHO)
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Twice as much energy as carbohydrates, slower energy
Proteins (CHON)
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Growth and repair, hormones (e.g. haemoglobin), enzymes
Nucleic acids (CHONP)
RNA; single stranded, AUCG bases, protein synthesis, can leave nucleus
DNA; double stranded, ATGC bases, stores genetic information
Fluid mosaic model
Structure
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Protein channels; carrier, channel, transport, adhesion, glycoproteins
Function; entry and exit of substances into cells, semi-permeable
Cell transport
Passive
Osmosis; movement of water down a concentration gradient (hypotonic = cell concentration > outside, isotonic = same, hypertonic = cell concentration < outside)
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Facilitated diffusion; down a gradient, BUT need help from channel, carrier proteins (particles = charged, too big, not lipid soluble)
Active
Active transport; up a concentration gradient (high to low), carrier proteins
Endocytosis; membrane moves to engulf particle (phagocytosis = solid, pinocytosis = liquid)
Exocytosis; vesicle moves to cell membrane, membranes fuse together and contents exit cell
Enzymes
Biological catalysts, control the metabolic rate
Anabolic (build larger), catabolic (break down)
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Models: lock and key = exact fit, induced fit = slight adjustment
Factors affecting
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pH: activity max. in optimum pH range, too acidic or basic = denatures
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Module 3
Selection pressures
Abiotic; non-living things e.g. temperature, light
Biotic; living things e.g. competition, food
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Abundance = amount / population density of a species (measured with quadrats, capture and recapture -> formula)
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Natural Selection
- Any population = variation, struggle for survival (offspring produced)
- Some have favourable characteristic -> survive and reproduce, those without die out / removed from pop.
- Favourable characteristic -> offspring
- Favourable characteristic = more common in the population
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Rates of Evolution
Gradualism; gradually, over long periods of time, organisms accumulate characteristics in response to pressures
Punctuated equilibrium; long periods of stasis, punctuated by sudden changes (rapid change) in environment and organisms
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