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Confusion - Coggle Diagram
Confusion
Behavior intervention
help orient the patient
Support and reassured patient.
Provide emotional support
Gain patient attention
Encourage regular physical activity
Social activities
Encourage healthy diet.
Nursing intervention
Orient patient to surroundings, staff, necessary activities as needed. Present reality concisely and briefly. Avoid challenging illogical thinking—defensive reactions may result.
Avoid challenging illogical thinking.
Communicate patient’s status, cognition, and behavioral manifestations to all necessary providers.
Provide for safety needs (e.g., supervision, siderails, seizure precautions, placing call bell within reach, positioning needed items within reach/clearing traffic paths, ambulating with devices).
Maintain patient’s sleep-wake cycle as normal as possible (e.g., avoid letting the patient take daytime naps, avoid waking patients at night, give sedatives if possible
Teach family to recognize signs of early confusion and seek medical help.
Important assessment
mental status examination
Assess patient’s behavior and cognition systematically and continually throughout the day and night as appropriate.
Closely monitor lab results. Monitor laboratory values, noting hypoxemia, electrolyte imbalances, BUN/Cr, ammonia levels, serum glucose, signs of infection, and drug levels (including peak/trough as
Overall appearance, manner, and attitude
)
Mood and affect (presence of suicidal or homicidal ideation as observed by others and reported by patient)
Pathophysiology
an infection – urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a common cause in elderly people .
a stroke or TIA ("mini-stroke")
a low blood sugar level in people with diabetes
a head injury
some types of prescription medicine
alcohol poisoning or alcohol withdrawal
taking illegal drugs
carbon monoxide poisoning – especially if other people you live with become unwell
a severe asthma attack – or other problems with the lungs or heart
Medication
Make sure they get enough to eat and drink.
Encourage them to move around (with your help).
Get them on a normal sleep schedule.
Surround them with comforting and familiar objects (like family photos).
Don’t overwhelm them with too much noise or too many visitors, but don’t isolate them either.