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CHAPTER 3: CELL STRUCTURE - Coggle Diagram
CHAPTER 3: CELL STRUCTURE
Concepts
Cells
parts
Wall
nucleus
organelles
protoplasm
etc.
functions
transport
photosynthesis
reproduction
etc.
handful of types of cells
cell association=differences
organisms
unicellular
jack-of-all-trades
multicellular
division of labor
efficiency
dependence between cells
cell cycle
mother cell
daughter cell
growth
divides
becomes specialized
daughter cell
Plant Cells
Organelles
Membranous
Protoplasm
Cytoplasm
Ribosomes
protein synthesis
structure
rRNA
proteins
forms two subunits
polysome
cluster of ribosomes connected by mRNA
Dictyosomes
#
modification
structure
forming face
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maturing face
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Dictyosomes can form into a Golgi apparatus
cup shaped
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rarely in plant cells
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processes
modification of vesicle membrane
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alteration of contents
flow from ER to dictyosomes to other sites through vesicles
Endomembrane System
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
tubes and sheets that form network to carry proteins
smooth ER
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rough ER
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Microbodies
small, spherical bodies
isolate reactions that either produce or use peroxide
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Plastids
ribosomes and circular DNA
structure
stroma
inner membrane
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outer membrane
many functions
photosynthesis
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carbohydrate storage
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colors
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synthesis
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Mitochondria
dynamic
can divide
grows
has own DNA and ribosomes
structure
matrix
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inner membrane
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outer membrane
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site of cellular respiration
sugars to ATP
Central Vacuole
single membrane
tonoblast
storage
water and salts
nutrient reserves
waste products
permanent storage
expand vacuole for rapid cell growth
flower petals
digestive
break down old organelles
(like lysosomes in animal cells)
Nucleus
Holds genetic information
copies into RNA
structure
nuclear envelope
inner membrane
nuclear pores
outer membrane
nucleoplasm
DNA
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histone proteins
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enzymes
RNA
water
nucleolus
ribosome components manufactured
some cells function without nuclei for some time
enucleate
red blood cells
proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, water
everything in the cell is protoplasm
Plasma membrane
#
external face and cell face are very different
selectively permeable
pumps and channels
completely covers the protoplasm
Non-Membranous
Cytosol
clear substance
most of the volume of cytoplasm
contains free ribosomes
contains skeletal structures
Microtubules
structure
alpha- and beta-tubulin proteins
form tubulin dimer
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function
antenna
catch and guide vesicles
cover
exclude vesicles from area
cytoskeleton
hold certain regions while others expand
motility
moves chromosomes
moves organelles
nucleus division
spindle microtubules pull chromosomes apart
centrioles form spindles
movement
cilia
multiple, short, hair-like
flagella
usually singular, long, tail-like
9+2 arrangement
beating motion
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basal bodies
Microfilaments
constructed by globular proteins
actin
narrower than microtubules
structure and movement
Storage Products
reserves
waste
Cell Wall
strength and protection
cellulose
crystallizes into strong microfibrils
bound by hemicelluloses
pectic substances
forms middle lamella
adhesive layer between adjacent cell walls
primary cell wall
all cells
thin
secondary cell wall
between primary wall and membrane
much thicker
addition strength
Unusual Cells
Unusual Nuclei
cells around pollen grains
two or four nuclei
more control over very active cytoplasm
sugar-conducting cells
destroy nuclei
not sure why
Flagella
mobility for cells
sperm cells
Dead Cells
cork cells
programmed cell death
animal won't eat
epidermis cells
more protective than if dead
water-conducting cells
protoplasm would impede water movement
Giant Cells
very long
not microscopic
easier to pull water through
Membranes
Composition
proteins
≈60% of membrane
hydrophobic and hydrophilic ends
changes how protein is situated
partially immersed
intrinsic proteins
spanning both sides
channels
on top of membrane
extrinsic (peripheral) protein
some proteins diffuse laterally
some interact with adjacent proteins and form domains
allows for differentiation
membranes are heterogeneous liquids
Fluid Mosaic Membrane
bilayer of phospholipids
Hydrophilic phosphate head
Hydrophobic fatty acid tails
membranes reseal after rupture
small amount of sugar
oligosaccharides
bind to intrinsic proteins
glycoproteins
ID tags
Properties
transport
vesicles
exocytosis
excretion
endocytosis
permeability
selectively permeable
some things enter easier than others
hydrophobic substances easier
Anything with a charge is harder
proteins help out
channels
Facilitated Diffusion
molecular pumps
Active Transport
grow
send out as vesicles
fuses with growing membrane
compartmentalization
work together but separated
organelles
dynamic
constantly changing
more flexible
nature of membrane changes, nature of cell changes too
All cells
doorways
compartmentalize
hold enzymes
Fungal Cells
similar to plant cells
two major differences
cell walls contain chitin, not cellulose
#
physically similar
contains nitrogen
no plastids
Calcium:
internal skeletons
animals
calcium phosphate
doesn't affect pH
plants
calcium carbonate
affects pH
no seawater reserve
too dangerous
calcium phosphate
doesn't affect pH
but, not enough phosphate reserves in soil to make it worth it
uses strong cell walls for structure
wood
seed shells
external shells
oysters, clams
calcium carbonate
affects pH
uses sea water as reserve
doesn't affect animal pH
Basic Cell Types
Prokaryotic
simpler
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukaryotic
more complex
membrane bound nucleus and organelles
animals
fungi
plants
protists
Metric System and Geometry
Geometry
surface area to volume ratio
surface area needed for reactions
if cell too big, can't be easily maintained
solution
increase SA but not V
folds of membrane
thylakoids and cristae
#
#
Metric system
more or less universal
not USA
easy conversions
powers of 10
Associations of Cells
secretions
chemicals
connections
plasmodesmata
fine holes in cell walls
plasma membrane connects to neighboring cell
plus cytosol and ER
all protoplasm in a plant is interconnected
symplast
intercellular spaces
spaces + cell wall = apoplast
diffusion of gasses
