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Purification Techniques CHEM241-03B, Video Demonstration - Coggle Diagram
Purification Techniques CHEM241-03B
Distillation
https://youtu.be/Vz2la3947I0
Fractional Distillation
: the separation of a mixture into its component parts, or fractions. Chemical compounds are separated by heating them to a temperature at which one or more fractions of the mixture will vaporize. In this technique, an apparatus with a fractioning column is used for distillation
When is it appropriate to use this technique?
-We use this technique when we want to separate two liquids by their differing boiling points
Simple Distillation:
a procedure by which two liquids with different boiling points can be separated. It can be used effectively to separate liquids that have at least fifty degrees difference in their boiling points
Pros:
Simple, Easy and a Cheap Process
Cons:
The product could evaporate. It's a slow process
An Overview of this Technique:
Distillation is a purification method for liquids, and can separate components of a mixture if they have significantly different boiling points. In a distillation, a liquid is boiled in the "distilling flask," then the vapors travel to another section of the apparatus where they come into contact with a cool surface
What is it?
-the process of separating components of a mixture based on different boiling points
Crystallization
What does the technique do/overview of how it works?
Crystallization transforms a solution into a solid crystalline state.
As the solution cools, the solvent can't hold all the solute molecules. This causes them to form crystals.
To crystallize and impure, solid compound add a hot solvent to it until the solid is dissolved, this causes the impure and desired compound molecules to move freely.
After cooling to room temperature, the solution is set in an ice water bath to complete the crystallization process.
The chilled solution is then filtered to isolate the pure crystals.
When is it appropriate to use this technique
Crystallization can be on liquid, solids, or gases in solutions.
What is it?
Crystallization is a process used to purify organic solid compounds by transforming a solution into a solid crystalline state.
Video Demonstration
https://youtu.be/FMKtzr0ZoaI
What are the Pros and Cons? :
Cons
Not every molecule is a solid
not every solid can be crystallized readily
heating the solvents is a very energy intensive process
the ideal solvent should be used
Pros
cheap
Easy way to purify molecules of their impurities
Column Chromatography
Overview:
An impure sample is loaded onto a column of silica gel. Components of the sample separate from each other by partitioning between the stationary packing material (silica) and the mobile eluent. Molecules with different polarity partition to different extents, and therefore move through the column at different rates
When to use Column Chromatography:
This is frequently used to purify and separate solids and liquids.
What is it?
Column Chromatography is a technique used to separate mixtures of compounds based on their difference in polarity and affinities for a stationary or mobile phase.
Video Demonstration
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B_QyhG2-VBI
Pros:
All different kinds of complex mixtures can be separated, any different amount can be separated, and mobile phase is on a wide range
Cons:
It takes more time to separate the compounds, it is expensive as higher quantities of solvents are required, there can be an human errors in creating the spots such as size and location.
Extraction
What is it?
Extraction is mainly used when separating a product of a reaction. It is most common for one layer to be aqueous and the other to be an organic solvent, which are insoluble. There are two types of extractions, Marcoscale and Microscale.
Macroscale Extraction:
Mainly used for samples of large quantities. In a marcoscale extraction a separator funnel is used, and is it corked, contents are mixed, and the products can be extracted by opening and closing stopcock.
Microscale Extraction:
A similar process is done for microscope extraction, but instead of using a separator funnel, a centrifuge tube is used and it is extraction is done using micropipettes.
Pros:
Simple Apparatus, Simple Procedure, Cheap and Quick
Cons:
Tedious, which can lead to error such as collecting the wrong impurity, and this will lead to incorrect results.
When to use Extraction:
Extraction can be used to extract natural compounds, transferring compounds from layers, and to identify an unknown compound.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8bZl7mcG0Ew
Video Demonstration