Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

App Development with Swift - Coggle Diagram

App Development with Swift

1.Getting Started with App Development

Control Flow 控制流程

conditional

A conditional runs multple checks and runs code based on the results.
These conditional statements are part of a broader concept called control flow.
As a developer, you have control flow tools that check for certain conditions and execute different blocks of code based on those conditions.
有條件的運行多個檢查並根據結果運行代碼。
這些條件語句是稱為控制流的更廣泛概念的一部分。
作為開發人員，您擁有控制流程工具，這些工具可以檢查某些條件並根據這些條件執行不同的代碼塊。

If statement

An If statement is a code structure for executing code based on the value of one or more conditions.
The first block of code in an if statement is the if block.
An if statement might also contain other blocks that provide additional checks, such as an else block and an else if block
If語句是一種代碼結構，用於根據一個或多個條件的值執行代碼。
if語句中的第一個代碼塊是if塊。
if語句可能還包含其他提供其他檢查的塊，例如else塊和else if塊

If-else statement

An if-else statement is a code structure for executing code if a specified condition is true and for executing another block of code if it's not true.
if-else語句是一種代碼結構，如果指定的條件為true，則執行代碼；如果條件為true，則執行另一個代碼塊。

Interval matching間隔匹配

When working with numbers, you can use interval matching to check for inclusion in a range.
使用數字時，可以使用間隔匹配來檢查是否包含在範圍內。

Logical operator邏輯運算子

A logical operator is a symbol- such as &&, | |, or ! - that modifies or combines the Boolean logic values true and False
邏輯運算子是符號，例如&&，|。 |或！ -修改或合併布爾邏輯值true和False

Switch

The switch keyword chooses between different coures of action based on a value's characteristics.
The options for the values are written in case statements.
Once the switch statement finds the first match between the value and a case, the block of code next
to the case statement is executed.
Once one of the blocks has been executed, the program continues running the next code after the end of entire switch statement
switch關鍵字根據值的特徵在不同的操作方式之間進行選擇。
值的選項寫在case語句中。
一旦switch語句找到了值和大小寫之間的第一個匹配項，則接下來的代碼塊要執行case語句。
一旦執行了其中一個塊，程序將在整個switch語句結束後繼續運行下一個代碼

Ternary

A ternary is a control flow operator that can be used to assign or return a value depending on a Boolean comparison.
三元是控制流運算子，可用於根據布爾比較來分配或返回值。

Xcode

Assistant editor

The assistant editor is a second window in Xcode that displays a side-by side-editing interface
助手編輯器是Xcode中的第二個窗口，顯示並排編輯界面

Compiler

A compiler processes statements in code into an executable program
編譯器將代碼中的語句處理為可執行程序

Active scheme

A single Xcode project can create multple apps, for example, an iOS application and a watchOS application.
The active scheme tells Xcode which target to build
一個Xcode項目可以創建多個應用程序，例如，iOS應用程序和watchOS應用程序。
主動方案告訴Xcode要構建哪個目標

Console pane, or console area

The console pane, or console area, is a command-line environment in Xcode where you can debug or otherwise interact with an app
控制台面板，或控制台區域，是在Xcode命令行環境中，你可以使用一個應用程序除錯或以其他方式相互作用

Debug area

The debug area allows you to inspect the current values of constants or variable in scope.
除錯區域使您可以檢查範圍內常數或變數的當前值。

Executable

Executable files is the same as your app name minus the .app extension
可執行文件與您的應用名稱相同（減去.app擴展名）

Git

Git is a version control system used for keeping track of different branches of code and all modifications to the code
Git是一個版本控制系統，用於跟踪代碼的不同分支以及對代碼的所有修改

IDE(integrated development environment)

An integrated development environment, or IDE, is a tightly integrated software suite that consolidates developer tools for writting and testing apps.
集成開發環境（IDE）是緊密集成的軟件套件，可整合用於編寫和測試應用程序的開發人員工具。

project

Xcode opens project files that include all the code and assets used to compile a Swift program or app.
Xcode打開項目文件，其中包含用於編譯Swift程序或應用程序的所有代碼和資產。

project navigator

The project navigator, on the left side of the Xcode user interface, lists all files associated with your project, making it easy to move around your project files.
Xcode用戶界面左側的項目導航器列出了與項目關聯的所有文件，從而使在項目文件中輕鬆移動變得容易。

project template

Xcode includes a number of project templates, or starting points, for beginning a new app.
Xcode中包括許多項目模板，或啟動點，開始一個新的應用程序。

push notifications

A push notification is a message sent from the Apple Push Notification service(APNs) to an app that isn't running in the foreground .
The notification may be displayed as a user notification or it may be silently delivered, allowing the receiving app to wake up temporarily to process new data
推播通知是從Apple推播通知服務（APN）發送到不在前台運行的應用程序的消息。
該通知可以顯示為用戶通知，也可以以靜默方式傳遞，從而允許接收應用程序臨時喚醒以處理新數據

standard editor

The standard editor displays the currently selected file project navigator
標準編輯器顯示當前選擇的文件項目導航器

storyboard

A storyboard is a user interface file that tells the app where to display information on the screen.
Xcode opens storyboards in interface Builer, and you edit a storyboard by clicking, dragging, and choosing options in the utilities area.
故事板是一個用戶界面文件，它告訴應用程序在屏幕上的何處顯示訊息。

target

A target represents the instructions for building a single finished product from a set of files, for example, a framework, a library, an application, or a command-line tool
目標表示從一組文件（例如框架，庫，應用程序或命令行工具）構建單個成品的說明。

utilities area

The utilities area in Xcode displays the inspector pane and the library pane
Xcode中的Utility區域顯示檢查器窗格和庫窗格

variables view

The variables view lists the value of each variable during active debugging
變量視圖列出了活動除錯期間每個變量的值

version editor

A version editor displays side-by-side views of the current version and previous versions, when using a source control system (such as Git) to manage Xcode files.
當使用源代碼管理系統（例如Git）來管理Xcode文件時，版本編輯器將顯示當前版本和先前版本的並排視圖。

Operators 運算子

Compound assignment複合指派

You use compound assignment to update the value of a variable in a way that depends on its current value, without typing the variable's name twice.
For example, += is a shorthand for a compound assignment with addition (+); it checks the current value of the variable on the left-hand side, calculates the sum of that current value plus the value on the right-hand side, and then assigns the calculated sum as the variable's new value. 
If you don't want to use compound assignment, you can write teamScore += 3 as teamScore = teamScore + 3.
您可以使用複合賦值以取決於變量當前值的方式更新變量的值，而無需兩次鍵入變量名稱。
例如，+ =是帶有加號（+）的複合賦值的簡寫； 它在左側檢查變量的當前值，計算該當前值與右側的值之和，然後將計算出的總和指定為變量的新值。
如果您不想使用複合分配，則可以將teamScore + = 3編寫為teamScore = teamScore + 3。

A operator is a symbol-such as +,-, or &&-that represents an action on one or more values.
For example, in 1 + 2, the addition operator(+) adds the numbers 1 and 2
運算符是一個符號，例如+，-或&&-，表示對一個或多個值的操作。
例如，在1 + 2中，加法運算符（+）將數字1和2相加

Building, Running and Debugging an App（建置、運行和除錯的一個應用程式）

Breakpoint

A breakpoint is an intentional stopping or pausing place in a program.
Programmers use breakpoints to check values or perform other debugging operations
斷點是程序中有意停止或暫停的地方。
程序員使用斷點檢查值或執行其他除錯操作

exception

An exception is also known as an error.
See compiler error
例外也被稱為一個錯誤。
查看編譯器錯誤

compiler error, or error

An Xcode compiler error usually stems from incorrect syntax that prevents an app from compilling and running.
Xcode displays a red error icon next to the offending code.
Xcode編譯器錯誤通常是由語法錯誤引起的，語法錯誤會阻止應用程序編譯和運行。
Xcode在違規代碼旁邊顯示一個紅色錯誤圖標。

landscape

Landscape refers to a horizontal screen orientation, as in a landscaped painting or photograph
橫向是指水平的屏幕方向，例如在橫向繪畫或照片中

developer more

In Xcode, developer mode provides access to certain debugging features without requiring you to enter your password each time
在Xcode中，開發人員模式提供對某些除錯功能的訪問，而無需每次都輸入密碼

portrait

Portrait refers to a vertical screen orientation, as in a portrait painting or photograph
縱向是指垂直屏幕方向，例如肖像畫或照片

deprecated code

Deprecated code refers to code that's no longer supported or won't be supported in future versions of iOS.
不推薦使用的代碼是指在將來的iOS版本中不再支持或不再支持的代碼。

step control buttons

You can use the step control buttons at the top of the debug area to step through code execution slowly
您可以使用除錯區域頂部的逐步控制按鈕來逐步完成代碼執行

bug

A bug is an error in code that prevents an application from running as expected
錯誤是代碼錯誤，阻止應用程序按預期運行

warning

A compiler warning -  represented visually by an error in the code - does not prevent the app from being compiled, but should be addressed in order to compile and run the program safely
編譯器警告-由代碼中的錯誤直觀地表示-不會阻止應用被編譯，但應予以解決，以安全地編譯和運行程序

Constants(常數）, Variables（變數）, and Data Types （資料型別）

Bool

A Boolean type has only two possible values: true and False.
Booleans are named after George Boole, a 19th-century mathematician who realized how important it is to ask clear questions with simple answers.
In Swift, the Boolean type is called Bool.
布爾類型只有兩個可能的值：true和False。
布爾以19世紀的數學家George Boole的名字命名，他意識到用簡單的答案提出清晰的問題是多麼重要。
在Swift中，布爾類型稱為Bool。

Constant

A constant is an immutable identifier.
Once a constant is assigned a value, the value can never change;
trying to assign a new value to an existing constant will generate an error.
In Swift, a constant is declared with let.
常數是不可變的標識符
一旦給常數分配了一個值，該值就永遠不會改變。
嘗試為現有常量分配新值將產生錯誤。
在Swift中，用let聲明一個常量。

Comment

A readable explanation meant to help explain surrounding code.
Comments are not executed as part of the program.
In Swift, comments are created by adding "\\" in front of the comment text
易讀的解釋指在幫助解釋周圍的代碼。
註釋不作為程序的一部分執行。
在Swift中，通過在註釋文本之前添加“ \\”來創建註釋

Double

A Double is a number with a decimal point, like 7.78 or 1000.0.
If you initalize a constant or variable in Swift to a literal number with a decimal point(like let distance = 26.2) ,the type is inferred to be a Double.
Double是帶小數點的數字，例如7.78或1000.0。
如果在Swift中將常量或變量初始化為帶小數點的文字數字（如let distance = 26.2），則該類型將推斷為Double。

function 函式

A function combines lines of code into a single block that can be used again.
Some functions have inputs and change their behavior based on arguments from their caller, some functions have outputs and give a result, and some functions have neither. 
一個函數將代碼行組合到一個可以再次使用的塊中。
一些函數具有輸入並根據其調用者的參數更改其行為，某些函數具有輸出並給出結果，而某些函數則沒有。

Immutable

An immutable object cannot be updated or changed.
A constant is immutable; 
a variable is mutable.
不變的對象無法更新或更改。
常量是不可變的；
變量是可變的。

Int

An Int stores an integer, or whole number, such as 10 or -42
一個Int儲存整數或非負正數，例如-42或10

let

let allows you to store a value in a named constant.
The value of a constant doesn't need to be known at compile time, but you must assign it a value once (and only once)
let允許您將值儲存在命名常量中
常量的值不需要在編譯時就知道，但是您必須為其分配一次值（並且僅一次）

Mutable

A mutable object can be updated or changed.
A variable is mutable; a constant is not.
可變對象可以更新或更改。
變數是可變的; 常數不是。

Property

A property is a piece of data held by a structure, class, or enumeration. 
For example, each array instance has a count property that differs depending on the characteristics of the way
屬性是由結構，類或列舉保存的一條數據
例如，每個數組實例都有一個count屬性，該屬性根據方式的特性而有所不同

Type inference

Swift uses type inference to work out an object's type from the available information, even when the name of the type isn't explicity put into words in code.
For example, if a function is declared to return a String, like func answer() -> String, and a constant is initialized with the answer function's result, like let nextIdea = answer(), the type of nextIdea will be inferred to be a String.

Swift會使用類型推論從可用訊息中得出對象的類型，即使在代碼中沒有顯式地鍵入類型名稱時也是如此。
例如，如果聲明一個函數返回一個字符串，例如func answer（）-> String，並使用應答函數的結果初始化一個常量，例如let nextIdea = answer（），則將nextIdea的類型推斷為 一個字符串。

Type safety

Swift has type safely to prevent writing code that uses type incorrectly or unexpectedly.
For example, if a function expects a type Fruit and you try to call it with a Vegetable, your app or playground won't run until you fix the error.
Swift具有安全的類型，以防止編寫錯誤或意外使用類型的代碼。
例如，如果某個函數期望使用類型Fruit，而您嘗試使用Vegetable來調用它，則在解決錯誤之前，您的應用程序或Playground不會運行。

Documentation 命名原則

Quick Help

The Quick Help feature in Xcode provides a fast answer by displaying a popover with a brief desciption of the function and the OS versions that support it.
It also shows which framework the function belongs to.
Xcode中的“快速幫助”功能通過顯示彈出窗口以及功能和支持該功能的OS版本的簡要說明，提供了快速的答案。
它還顯示了該功能所屬的框架。

symbol

Symbols are methods or properties on a given type.
符號是給特定類型的方法或屬性。

documentation browser

The documentation browser is an Xcode tool for looking up and reading developer documentation
文檔瀏覽器是用於查找和閱讀開發人的Xcode工具

Introduction to Swift and Playgrounds

playground

A playground is an environoment in Xcode for experimenting with code and seeing instant results
遊樂場是Xcode中用於試驗代碼並查看即時結果的環境

open source

An open source lauguage is developed in the open, with community input and support. Everyone is welcome to contribute or simply to follow along.
在社區的投入和支持下，公開開發了一種開源語言。 歡迎每個人做出貢獻或跟進。

results sidebar

The results sidebar in a playground shows information about each line of code that produces an output value. As you add or change code, the playground runs the code again and updates the results in the sidebar.
遊樂場每一行代碼運行結果會顯示在側邊攔產生輸出值，再次運行代碼會更新側欄的輸出結果。

console

Programmers use the console as a message center to show details about the way a program is running. See console pane.
程序員使用控制台作為消息中心來顯示有關程序運行方式的詳細信息

Interface Builder Basics

view controller

A view controller manages a set of views, and coordinates the flow of information between the app's data model and the views displaying the data.
視圖控制器管理一組視圖，並協調應用程序的數據模型和顯示數據的視圖之間的訊息流程。

initial view controller

The initial view controller is the first scene that will be viewed by the user when the app lanuches.
In storyboards, the initial view controller is marked with a gray arrow, but you can also set the initial view controller in the Attributes inspector for an individual scence.
初始視圖控制器是當應用程序無效時用戶將要查看的第一個場景。
在情節提要中，初始視圖控制器用灰色箭頭標記，但是您也可以在“屬性”檢查器中為單個場景設置初始視圖控制器。

Document Outline

The document outline is a feature in Interface Builder that displays a list of all scenes and UI elements in a given storyboard
文檔大綱是Interface Builder中的一項功能，可顯示給特定情節提要中所有場景和UI元素的列表

outlet

An outlet, or an IBOutlet, connects a variable in source code to an object in storyboard, allowing the code to get information from the object and to make changes as the app is running.
出口或IBOutlet將源代碼中的變量連接到情節提要中的對象，從而允許代碼從對像中獲取訊息並在應用程序運行時進行更改。

canvas

The canvas refers to the backdrop of a storyboard, where you add and arrange scenes and user
畫布是指情節提要的背景，您可以在其中添加和安排場景以及用戶

scene

A scene is a storyboard representation of a screen of content in your app.
場景是表示應用程序中屏幕內容的演示圖板。

action

An action,or IBAction, connects a method in source code and a control in Interface Builder, allowing particular code to run when a user interacts with the app's controls.
For example, a certain method may be associated with an action, such as a buttion tap or a switch change.
動作或IBAction將源代碼中的方法與Interface Builder中的控件連接起來，從而允許特定的代碼在用戶與應用程序的控件進行交互時運行。
例如，某種方法可以與動作相關聯，例如擊鍵或切換開關。

XIB

An XIB file represents a single scene or view in iOS, and can be opened and modified in Interface Builder.
XIB filies were more popular before storyboarding was introduced in iOS 5.
XIB文件表示iOS中的單個場景或視圖，可以在Interface Builder中打開和修改。
在iOS 5之前中引入故事板XIB filies更受歡迎。

2.Introduction to UIKit

Collections

array

You use an array to hold a list of items of the same type, keeping them in order.
Items in an array don't have to be unique; ["duck", "duck", "goose"] is a valid array that holds three elements.
您使用陣列來保存相同類型的項目列表，使它們保持順序。
陣列中的項目不必唯一。 [“ duck”，“ duck”，“ goose”]是包含三個元素的有效數值。

dictionary

Like a real-world dictionary that contains a list of words and their definitions, a Swift dictionary is a list of keys, each with an associated value.
For optimization purposes, the values in a dictionary do not have a reliable or consistent order (unlike a real-world dictionary), but are looked up using the key they're assigned to.
像包含單詞及其定義列表的真實世界詞典，Swift字典是鍵的列表，每個都有一個關聯的值。
為了優化目的，在字典中的值不具有可靠的或一致的順序（不同於現實世界的字典），但抬頭一看使用他們分配到的關鍵。

Classes , Inheritance

inheritance

When a class is a subclass of another class, it gets all of its behavior (methods, proerties, and other characteristics) from its superclass.
This is referred to as inheritance.
當一個類是另一個類的子類時，它將從其超類中獲取其所有行為（方法，屬性和其他特徵）。這稱為繼承。

state

State refers to the stored information of a variable, program, or system at a given time.
狀態是指在給定時間儲存的變數，程序或系統的訊息。

class

A class defines properties to store values, defines methods to provide functionality, and defines initializers to set up their initial state.
一個類定義儲存值的屬性，定義提供功能的方法，並定義初始化程序以設置其初始狀態。

subclass

A subclass is a child of another class (which is known as its superclass)
子類別是另一個類（稱為其超類）的子類

base class

A base class is at the root of its class hierarchy (and therefore doesn't have a superclass)
基類別是其類層次結構的根（因此沒有超類）

superclass

A superclass is a parent of another class (which is known as its subclass)
超類別是另一個類（稱為其子類）的父類

Displaying Data

content mode

Choose the content mode of a view to adjust the way it fits inside the space you'rve allowed it.
If an image file is larger than its image view's frame, for example, the content mode.scaleToFill will squash (and skew) the image so it's exactly the size of the frame, while the content mode .top will show as much of the top of the image as can fit.
選擇視圖的內容模式，以調整其在您允許的空間內的放置方式。
例如，如果圖像文件大於其圖像視圖的框架，則內容模式.scaleToFill將壓縮（和傾斜）圖像，使其恰好是框架的大小，而內容模式.top將顯示頂部的大部分內容 合適的圖像。

dynamic data

Dynamic data is data that changes.
動態數據是變化的數據。

clipping

You may encounter a warning that clipping has occurred in your layout. 
In most cases, you can fix clipping issues using Auto Layout in interface Builder.
您可能會遇到警告，說明佈局中發生了剪切。
在大多數情況下，您可以使用Interface Builder中的“自動佈局”解決裁剪問題。

frame

A view's frame describes its location as a rectangle a certain distance from the top and a certain distance from the left of its parent view.
視圖的框架將其位置描述為距離其父視圖頂部一定距離和左側一定距離的矩形。

aspect ratio

Aspect ratio refers to the relationship of the width to the height of an image or screen.
長寬比是指圖像或屏幕的寬度與長度的關係。

static data

Data that doesn't change is static data.
靜態數據是不變的數據。

Structures 結構

initializer

An initializer sets up an instance so it's ready to be used.
After you declare a name for a constant or variable by assigning its first value.
初始化程序會設置一個實例，以便可以使用它。
通過分配常量或變量的第一個值為其聲明名稱之後。

initialization

To use a type, you must create an instance of it, a process called initialization
要使用類型，您必須創建它的實例，此過程稱為初始化

function

A function combines lines of code into a single block that can be used again.
Some functions have inputs and change their behavior based on arguments from their caller, some functions have outputs and give a result, and some functions have neither.
函數將代碼行組合到一個塊中，可以再次使用。
有些功能具有輸入並根據其調用者的參數更改其行為，某些功能具有輸出並給出結果，而某些功能則沒有。

instance method

An instance method is function declared inside a type- such as a struct, a class, or an enum- whose behavior depends on the current state of an individual entity.
實例方法是在類型（例如結構，類或列舉）內聲明的函數，其行為取決於單個實體的當前狀態。

computed property

Swift has a feature called computed property that allows a property to perform logic that returns a calculated value.
Swift具有稱為計算屬性的功能，該功能允許屬性執行返回計算值的邏輯。

memberwise initializer

When you create a new instance of a structure,
Swift automatically creates a memberwise initializer - which you can then use to set each property on the new instance by name.
創建結構的新實例時，
Swift會自動創建一個逐成員初始化器-然後您可以使用該初始化器按名稱在新實例上設置每個屬性。

method

A method a function defined inside a type.
Methods can use the data stored in the type's properties to do work.
一種在類型內部定義的函數方法。
方法可以使用儲存在類型屬性中的數據來執行。

property

A property is a piece of data held by a structure, class, or enumeration.
For example, each array instance has a count property that differs depending on the characteristics of the array.
屬性是由結構，類或列舉保存的一條數據。
例如，每個數組實例都有一個count屬性，該屬性根據數組的特性而有所不同。

self

The self keyword refers to the specific instance of an object, and is used when calling a method, or getting or setting a property within the definition of a type.
self關鍵字是指對象的特定實例，在調用方法或在類型的定義內獲取或設置屬性時使用。

structure

A structure is a data type that's similar to a class, but doesn't support inheritance and is passed by value instead of by reference.
結構是類似於類的數據類型，但是不支持繼承，而是通過值而不是通過引用傳遞的。

type

A type is a named grouping of properties ( the features) and methods (the behaviors) of a kind of data.
A type name in Swift is always written in capial camel case, like Double, String, or BIcycleRoute.
類型是一種數據的屬性（功能）和方法（行為）的命名分組。
Swift中的類型名稱始終以大寫的駝峰式大小寫，例如Double，String或BIcycleRoute。

Controls in Action

gesture recognizer

A gesture recognizer is an object that will listen for the user to input a common gesture and will call an action when the particular gesture is recognized
手勢識別器是一個對象，它將偵聽用戶輸入公共手勢，並在識別到特定手勢時調用一個動作

Functions

parameter

A parameter refers to the input value, or values, inside the function.
For example, if a function is declared as func drawLine (from fromPoint: Point, to toPoint: Point), the words fromPoint and toPoint are parameter names, because those are names  to be used in the function's implementation.
(Informally, developers may use parameter interchangeably with argument)
參數是指函數內部的一個或多個輸入值。
例如，如果將一個函數聲明為func drawLine（從fromPoint：Point，到toPoint：Point），則單詞fromPoint和toPoint是參數名稱，因為它們是在函數實現中使用的名稱。
（非正式地，開發人員可以將參數與參數互換使用）

argument label

An argument label introduces the argument passed into the function, just like you might write your name ("Maya") next to a name label ("Name") on a form. 
So if a function is declared as func drawLine( from fromPoint : Point, to toPoint: Point) ,the words "from" and "to" are argument labels, because they'll label the argument values when the function is called, as in drawLine(from: startPoint, to: endPoint). 
參數標籤引入傳遞給函數的參數，就像您可以在表單上的名稱標籤（“ Name”）旁邊寫上您的名字（“ Maya”）一樣。
因此，如果將函數聲明為func drawLine（from fromPoint：Point，to toPoint：Point），則單詞“ from”和“ to”是參數標籤，因為它們將在調用函數時標記參數值，例如 drawLine（from：startPoint，to：endPoint）。

return value

The return value is the value that's returned, or given back to the caller, from a function or method.
返回值是從函數或方法返回或返回給調用方的值。

Auto Layout and stack views

sibling

In a scenario with parent objects and child objects, two child objects have a sibling relationship.
When discuessing views, sibling views share a parent view or exist at the same level of a view hierarchy
在具有父對象和子對象的方案中，兩個子對象具有同級關係。
討論視圖時，同級視圖共享父視圖或存在於視圖層次結構的同一級別

size class

Size classes represent the different sizes you can use to adapt your interface where height and width are either small or regular size.
尺寸類表示您可以用來調整高度和寬度為小尺寸或常規尺寸的不同界面尺寸。

constraint

A constraint is a rule in Auto Layout that defines how views should be laid out or sized.
約束是自動版式中的一個規則，用於定義視圖的佈局或大小。

stack view

Use a stack view to set up elements in the user interface in a column from top to bottom or in a row from left to right.
使用堆疊視圖在用戶界面中以從上到下的列或從左到右的行來設置元素。

Auto Layout

Use Auto Layout in interface Builder to build adaptive interfaces, so your user interface elements maintain the same relative positions, no matter the screen's size or orientation.
For example, you can add one rule that a button must always be a certain distance above an image view and another rule that the image view must always be centered at the bottom of the screen.
By defining the rules in Auto Layout, the two elements will follow those rules- whether the screen in large or small, in portrait or landscape mode.
使用Interface Builder中的Auto Layout來構建自適應界面，因此無論屏幕的大小或方向如何，您的用戶界面元素都保持相同的相對位置。
例如，您可以添加一個規則，即按鈕必須始終在圖像視圖上方一定距離，並添加另一條規則，即圖像視圖必須始終在屏幕底部居中。
通過在“自動佈局”中定義規則，這兩個元素將遵循這些規則-無論是大屏幕還是小屏幕，無論是縱向還是橫向模式。

Strings

case sensitivity

Something is case-sensitve if it matters whether characters are uppercase or lowercase.
如果字符是大寫還是小寫都很重要，則區分大小寫。

range

A range represents a group of numbers from  a minimum value to a maximum value.
範圍代表一組從最小值到最大值的數字。

literal

A literal value is typed or inserted directly into code with no initalizers.
A literal string would be "hello", and a  literal array would be [1, 2, 3].
A non-literal string might be initialized with String(), and a non-literal integer might be initialized with homeTeamPoints + awayTeamPoints.
文字值可以直接輸入或插入到代碼中，而無需使用引號。
文字字符串將為“ hello”，文字數組將為[1、2、3]。
非文字字符串可以使用String（）初始化，非文字整數可以使用
homeTeamPoints + awayTeamPoints初始化。

string interpolation

Use string interpolation to put the value of a constant or a variable in the middle of a string literal.
You add placeholders for constants or variables with an escape sequence that puts parentheses around the code to be replaced.
For example, if friendName has been set as "Lee" ,the expression "Have a good one, \(friendName)" will auomatically be read as "Have a good one, Lee".
使用字符串插值將常量或變量的值放在字符串文字的中間。
您可以使用轉義序列為常數或變數添加佔位符，該轉義序列將括號括在要替換的代碼周圍。
例如，如果將friendName設置為“ Lee”，則表達式“有一個好人，\（friendName）”將自動被讀為“有一個好人，Lee”。

index

The index is the numbered position of an item in an ordered collection.
The index of the first item is always 0, and the index of the last item will equal the total number of items minus one.
索引是項目在有序集合中的編號位置。
第一項的索引始終為0，而最後一項的索引將等於項目總數減去一。

escape character

Use the escape character(\) in a string to tell Swift that it should treat what comes next as special.
This symbol is called an escape character because it avoids, or escapes, from the normal behavior of a string.
在字符串中使用轉義符（\）告訴Swift，它應該將接下來出現的內容視為特殊。
因為它避免，或逃逸，從字符串的正常行為這個符號被稱為轉義字符。

equality

Use the == operator to check equality-if two values are equal to each other.
You can allow custom types to check for equality by adopting the Equatable protocol.
使用==運算符檢查是否相等-兩個值是否相等。
您可以通過採用Equatable協議來允許自定義類型檢查是否相等。

substring

A substring is a portion of a string
子字符串是字符串的一部分

concatenation

Concatenation refers to the operation of joining two strings together
串聯是指將兩個字符串連接在一起的操作

Unicode

The Unicode standard defines a way to represent almost any character from any language in a consistent way.
Members of the Unicode committee decide which new characters, including emoji, to add to the Unicode standard and how to support them.
Unicode標準定義了一種以一致的方式表示來自任何語言的幾乎所有字符的方法。
Unicode委員會的成員決定將哪些新字符（包括表情符號）添加到Unicode標準以及如何支持它們。

Introduction to UIKit

navigation bar

A navigation bar controls navigation of hierarchical content, usually displayed at the top of the screen and used in conjunction with a navigation controller.
導航欄控制分層內容的導航，通常顯示在屏幕頂部並與導航控制器一起使用。

scroll view

A scroll view allows the user to see content that runs beyond the boundaries of the view.
Use a scroll view when the information you want to display is larger than the device's screen.
滾動視圖允許用戶查看超出視圖範圍的內容。
當您要顯示的訊息大於設備屏幕時，請使用滾動視圖。

label

A label is a view that displays one or more lines of read-only text
標籤是顯示一行或多行只讀文本的視圖。.

segmented control

A segmented control narrows the search results to a particular media type.
分段控件將搜索結果縮小到特定的媒體類型。

UIkit

The UIKit framework(UIkit.framework) provides the crucial infrastructure needed to construct and manage iOS and tvOS apps.
This framework provides the window and view architecture needed to manage an app's user interface; the event-handling infrastructure needed to respond to user input;  and the app model needed to drive the main run loop and to interact with the system.
UIKit框架（UIkit.framework）提供了構建和管理iOS和tvOS應用程序所需的關鍵基礎架構。
該框架提供了管理應用程序用戶界面所需的窗口和視圖架構。 響應用戶輸入所需的事件處理基礎結構； 以及驅動主運行循環並與系統交互所需的應用模型。

slider

A slider control is an interface feature that allows the user to select a single value between a minimum and maximum number.
滑塊控件是一種界面功能，它使用戶可以在最小值和最大值之間選擇一個值。

image view

An image view displays an image file in a user interface.
圖像視圖在用戶界面中顯示圖像文件。

switch

The switch keyword chooses between different courses of action based on a value's characteristics.
The options for the values are written in case statemens.
Once the switch statement finds the first match between the value and a case, the block of code next to the case statements is executed.
Once one of the blocks has been executed, the program continues running the next code after the end of the entire switch statement.
switch關鍵字根據值的特徵在不同的操作過程之間進行選擇。
值的選項以大小寫陳述的形式編寫。
一旦switch語句找到了值和case之間的第一個匹配項，便執行case語句旁邊的代碼塊。
一旦執行了其中一個塊，程序將在整個switch語句結束後繼續運行下一個代碼。

date picker

The date picker is a control that allows the user to select a specific date and/or time.
日期選擇器是允許用戶選擇特定日期和/或時間的控件。

tab bar

A tab tar provides easy access, via multiple tab bar items, to different views in an app.
可通過多個標籤欄項輕鬆訪問應用程序中的不同視圖。

control event

Controls are simple, straighforward, and familiar to user because they appear throughout most iOS apps.
A control event is triggered when a button is tapped or when the value of a control changes.
控件簡單，直觀，用戶熟悉，因為它們出現在大多數iOS應用中。
輕擊按鈕或控件的值更改時，將觸發控件事件。

table view

A table view user interface displays several items or records as a list
表格視圖用戶界面將多個項目或記錄顯示為列表。

control

A control, or a UIControl instance, is a specialized type of view that responds to user input.
控件或UIControl實例是一種特殊的視圖類型，可響應用戶輸入。

button

A button intercepts touch events and sends an action message to a target object when it's tapped.
輕按按鈕可攔截觸摸事件，並向目標對象發送操作訊息。

toolbar

The toolbar along the top of the Xcode window shows the current project's status, along with options to hide/show other window areas, choose devices for running the app, and build/run the app.
Xcode窗口頂部的工具欄顯示當前項目的狀態，以及用於隱藏/顯示其他窗口區域，選擇用於運行該應用程序的設備以及構建/運行該應用程序的選項。

3.Narigation and Workflows

Enumerations 列舉

default

A default option is selected when no other option is a available.
In a switch statement, the default block is executed if none of the other more- specific cases matches the input.
In an if statement, the default option is the final else clause.
沒有其他選項可用時，將選擇默認選項。
在switch語句中，如果沒有其他更特定的情況與輸入匹配，則執行默認塊。
在if語句中，默認選項是最終的else子句。

enum

The enum keyword declares a type made up of a group of related choices.
An instance of an enum wil be exactly one of the enum's choices.
The keyword enum comes from the word enumeration, which means listing distinct things one by one.
關鍵字enum聲明由一組相關選擇組成的類型。
列舉的實例將恰好是列舉的選擇之一。
關鍵字enum來自列舉一詞，這意味著一一列出不同的事物。

case

In an enum, the case keyword declares a name for one of the enum's options.
In a switch, the case keyword introduces a pattern to try to match a value against.
在列舉中，case關鍵字為該列舉選項之一聲明的一個名稱。
在switch中，case關鍵字引入了一種模式來嘗試與之匹配。

enumeration

An enumeration, or enum, is a data type that defines a group of related values and enables you to work with those values in a type- safe way within your code.
列舉是一種數據類型，它定義了一組相關值，並使您能夠在代碼中以類型安全的方式使用這些值。

Segues and Navigation Controllers 場景轉換和應用程式導覽

navigation controller

A navigation controller is a specialized view controller subclass that manages transitions backward and forward through a series of view controllers.
導航控制器是專門的視圖控制器子類，它通過一系列視圖控制器來管理向前和向後的過渡。

navigation bar

A navigation bar controls navigation of hierarchical content, usually displayed at the top of the screen and used in conjunction with a navigation controller
導航欄控制分層內容，通常顯示在屏幕頂部並與導航控制器一起使用。.

modal segue 互動視窗轉場

In a modal segue, one view controller presents another view controller as its child using a modal presentation style.
Use modal segues to present tasks that the user must complete before continuing.
在模式選擇中，一個視圖控制器使用模式表示樣式將另一個視圖控制器作為其子視圖呈現。
使用模式搜索來呈現用戶在繼續之前必須完成的任務。

modal presentation 互動視窗呈現（向上或下拖曳即可開啟或關掉當前視窗）

A model presentation places a new view controller on top of the previous one.
On smaller screens, a modal presentation will always appear at full screen.
To adapt the UI for larger devices, you can customize a modal presentation to appear as a popover, a form sheet, or a full - screen presentation.
模型演示將一個新的視圖控制器放在前一個視圖控制器的頂部。
在較小的屏幕上，模態演示將始終以全屏顯示。
要使UI適用於較大的設備，您可以自定義模式演示文稿，使其顯示為彈出框，表單或全屏演示文稿。

Constant and Variable Scope 常數和變數的範圍

scope 範圍

A type, variable, constant, or function is accessible only within the scope it was assigned.
By adding a pair of curly braces({})for a function, an if statement, or a for loop, your're specifying the area within the braces as local scope.
類型，變數，常數或函數只能在分配的範圍內執行。
通過為函數，if語句或for循環添加一對大括號（{}），您可以將大括號內的區域指定為本地範圍。

variable shadowing

Variable shadowing occurs when a variable declared within a local scope has the same name as a variable declared in a global scope.
The code that references the variable will refer to the instance in the nearest accessible scope.
當在局部範圍內聲明的變量與在全局範圍內聲明的變量具有相同的名稱時，將發生變量陰影。

View Controller Life cycle

override 覆寫

Override refers to replacing the implementation of a method defined on a superclass.
覆寫是指替換在超類上定義的方法的實現。

state

State refers to the stored information of a variable, program, or system at a given time.
狀態是指在給定時間儲存的變量，程序或系統的資訊。

implementation 履行

An implementation puts a decision into effect.
You implement a method or function by writing  code that performs the work described in the name of the function.
實現使決策生效。
通過編寫執行功能名稱中描述的工作代碼來實現方法或功能

Type Casting （型別轉換）and Inspection

AnyObject

AnyObject can represent any class within Swift, but not a  structure.
AnyObject可以表示Swift中的任何類，但不能表示結構。

conditional cast條件轉換

A conditional cast casts an instance to the specified type only if it's possible to do so.
只有在可能的情況下，條件轉換才會將實例轉換為指定的類型

Any

Any, as the name implies, can represent an instance of any type: string, double, function, or whatever.
Any可以表示任何類型的實例：字符串，雙精度型，函數型或其他類型。

downcast向下型別轉換

Use downcasting to cast an object to a more specific type- for example, casting from a generic Any to an Int, or from a superclass to a subclass.
使用向下轉換將對象轉換為更特定的類型，例如，從通用Any轉換為Int，或從超類轉換為子類。

as?

as? is a conditional cast operator that attempts to downcast the value to a more specific type and store it in a new constant or variable.
是一個有條件的強制轉換運算符，它嘗試將值向下轉換為更特定的類型並將其儲存在新的常數或變數中。

type casting 型別轉型

Type casting is a way to check the type of an object, or to treat that object as a different superclass or subclass from somewhere else in its own class hierarchy.
類型轉換是一種檢查對像類型或將該對象視為與其自身類層次結構中其他位置不同的超類或子類的方法。

as!

as! is a forced form of a type cast operator.
This version will force the downcast to the specified type.
是類型轉換運算符的強制形式。
此版本將強制向下轉換為指定的類型。

type inspection

Type inspection is used to determine, or check, the specific type of data.
類型檢查用於確定或檢查特定的數據類型

Tables and Persistence

Table Views (表格視圖）

dynamic

Dynamicrefers to dynamic data, which is data that changes.
動態是指動態數據，即變化的數據。

index path

An index path, or NSIndexPath class, represents the path to a specific node in tree of nested array collections.
An index path is commonly used with table views to identify the section and row of a cell.
索引路徑或NSIndexPath類表示嵌套數組集合樹中特定節點的路徑。
索引路徑通常與表視圖一起使用，以標識單元格的節和行。

dequeue 佇列（出隊）

Table views use a special caching system that, whenever possible, reuses cells that have already been displayed.
The process of choosing and preparing the cell for reuse is called dequeuing.
表格視圖使用特殊的緩存系統，該緩存系統將盡可能重用已顯示的單元格。
選擇和準備要重用的單元格的過程稱為出隊。

readability margin

Auto Layout enables you to control the readability margin of your views across different device types.
通過自動佈局，您可以控制不同設備類型上視圖的可讀性。

accessory view 附件視圖

Table view cells have an accessory view that can be used to display additional information.
表格視圖單元格具有一個附件視圖，可用於顯示其他訊息。

reorder control

The reorder control allows users to move cells within a table view.
重新排序控件允許用戶在表格視圖中移動單元格。

table view

A table view user interface displays several items or records as a list.
表格視圖用戶界面將多個項目或記錄顯示為列表。

table view cell

A table view cell refers to objects that draw visible rows, and the table view cell caches those objects as long as the rows are visible.
表格視圖單元格是指繪製可見行的對象，並且表格視圖單元格會緩存那些對象，只要這些行可見。

zero-based

Arrays are zero-based, which means that the first item in the ordered list is at index zero and is accessed by using 0 as the subscript ( array[0])
數組從零開始，這意味著有序列表中的第一項位於索引零處，並通過使用0作為下標（array [0]）進行訪問。

Intermediate Table Views

row action

One or more row actions can be displayed when the user swipes a table view cell.
當用戶滑動表格視圖單元格時，可以顯示一個或多個行動作。

static table view

A static table view has a predefined constant colleciton of cells, and can be defined in a table view controller scene in a storyboard.
Static table views are commonly used for form input.
靜態表格視圖具有預定義的單元格常量集合，並且可以在情節提要中的表格視圖控制器場景中定義。
靜態表視圖通常用於表單輸入。

custom table view cell

You create a custom table view cell when you create a subclass of UITableViewCell, allowing you to add properties, outlets, or actions to your subclassed cell.
創建UITableViewCell的子類時，可以創建自定義表格視圖單元格，從而可以向子類化的單元格添加屬性，出口或動作。

Scroll Views 滾動視圖

frame

A view's frame describes its location as a rectangle a certain distance from the top and a certain distance from the left of its parent view.
視圖的框架將其位置描述為距離其父視圖頂部一定距離和左側一定距離的矩形。

scroll view

A scroll view allows the user to see content that runs beyond the boundaries of the view.
Use a scroll view when the information you want to display is larger than the device's screen.
滾動視圖允許用戶查看超出視圖範圍的內容。
當您要顯示的訊息大於設備屏幕時，請使用滾動視圖。

content view

A content view is a view object at the top of  a view hierarchy, serving as a container for the subviews below it.
內容視圖是視圖層次結構頂部的視圖對象，用作其下子視圖的容器。

content inset

The content inset property specifies a buffer area around the content of the scroll view, so that controllers, toolbars, or keyboards don't interfere with the user's experience of the content.
content inset屬性指定滾動視圖內容周圍的緩衝區，以便控制器，工具欄或鍵盤不會干擾用戶對內容的體驗。

bounds 界線

A view's visiable layer should be confined to the bounds or limits of the view.
視圖可見層應限制在視圖範圍內。

Saving Data

plist

A plist, or property list, is a file format for storing data that can be used in an app.
Automatically created in all new Xcode app projects, an Info.plist file includes required information for building, running, and signing an application.
plist或屬性列表是一種文件格式，用於存儲可在應用程序中使用的數據。
在所有新的Xcode應用程序項目中自動創建的Info.plist文件包含構建，運行和簽名應用程序所需的資訊。

sandboxing 沙箱

In the sandboxing model, each app has its own environment (its own sandbox) where it can create, modify, or delete data, but it needs explicit permission to access resources outside of the sandbox.
在沙箱模型中，每個應用程序都有其自己的環境（自己的沙箱），可以在其中創建，修改或刪除數據，但是需要明確的權限才能訪問沙箱外部的資源。

serialization 序列化

Serialization is the process of translating data structures from one format into another format.
序列化是將數據結構從一種格式轉換為另一種格式的過程。

Documents directory

A Documents directory is a safe place to store your app's data since it's accessible only by your app and can't be modified by another app.
文檔目錄是儲存應用程序數據的安全位置，因為該目錄只能由您的應用程序訪問，並且不能被其他應用程序修改。

unarchiving 解除封存

Unarchiving is a method of reading information or data from a file saved on a disk.
解除封存是讀取從保存在磁盤上的文件的訊息或數據的方法。

archiving

Archiving is method of saving information or data to a file saved on a disk.
歸檔是將資訊或數據保存到磁盤上文件中的方法。

ModelView Controller

controller

A controller object acts as an intermediary between one or more of an app's view objects and one or more of its model objects.
In this way, controller objects act as a conduit through which view objects learn about model changes, and vice versa.
控制器對象充當一個或多個應用程序的視圖對象與其一個或多個模型對象之間的媒介。
通過這種方式，控制器對象充當了一個通道，視圖對象通過該通道了解模型更改，反之亦然。

model

Model refers to all the data types a particular app needs to define and handle.
模型是指特定應用程序需要定義和處理的所有數據類型。

architecture 架構

Architecture refers to the framework for designing and application.
架構是指設計和應用的框架。

Model-View-Controller

The Model-VIew-Controller, or MVC, pattern refers to an app design approach in which view controllers serve as the communication pipeline between views and the data model.
Model-VIew-Controller或MVC模式是指一種應用程序設計方法，其中視圖控制器充當視圖和數據模型之間的通信管道。

abstraction抽像

An abstraction groups things together, so you can think of the group as a single, easier- to -remember thing instead of trying to reason about each of the elements separately.
Abstraction allows programmers to make decisions and think through code logic without getting overwhelmed by details and complexity.
抽象將事物組合在一起，因此您可以將其視為一個單一的，易於記憶的事物，而不必嘗試分別推理每個元素。
抽象使程序員可以做出決策並通過代碼邏輯進行思考，而不會被細節和復雜性所淹沒。

view

A view is an object that supports drawing and event handling in Cocoa.
視圖是支持Cocoa中的繪圖和事件處理的對象。

System View Controllers

handler 處理程序

A completion handler is a closure containing code that will be executed at a later point.
完成處理程序是一個包含將在以後執行代碼的閉包。

App Anatomy and Life Cycle 應用剖析與生命週期

app delegate

An app delegate, or AppDelegate instance ,is an object that creates the window where your app's content is drawn and provides a place to respond to state transitions within the app.
應用程序委託或AppDelegate實例是一個對象，該對象創建繪製應用程序內容的窗口，並提供響應應用程序內狀態轉換的位置。

app state

The app state indicates the status fo the app, which inclues not running, inactive, background, or suspended
應用程序狀態指示應用程序的狀態，包括未運行，非活動，後台或懸掛

active

When an app is in active state, it's running in the foreground and is receiving events.
This is the normal mode for foreground apps.
當應用程序處於活動狀態時，它在前台運行並正在接收事件。
這是前台應用程序的正常模式。

foreground

An app is considered to be in the foreground when it's the currently running app.
當某個應用程序當前正在運行時，它被認為是前台應用程序。

Building Complex Input Screens

date formatter

Using a date formatter, or DateFormater instance, you can create string representations of dates (and create dates from strings).
By setting the dateStyle and timeStyle properties of the date formatter instance, you can control how the strings will read.
使用日期格式化程序或DateFormater實例，可以創建日期的字符串表示形式（並從字符串創建日期）。
通過設置日期格式程序實例的dateStyle和timeStyle屬性，可以控製字符串的讀取方式。

Protocols

Equatable 相等的

Equatable allows you to define how instances of the same type are equal to each other.
允許您定義相同類型的實例如何彼此相等。

CustomStringConvertible 自定義字符串可轉換

CutomStringConvertible allows you to control how your custom objects are printed to the console.
允許您控制如何將自定義對像打印到控制台。

protocol

A protocol is a blueprint of methods, properties, and other requirements that suit a particular task or piece of functionality.
HTTP and NSCoding are examples of protocols.
協議是適合特定任務或功能的方法，屬性和其他要求的藍圖。
HTTP和NSCoding是協議的示例。

Comparable可比較

Comparable allows you to define how instances of the same type are sorted.
 可比較允許您定義如何對相同類型的實例進行排序

read-only

A read-only value can be viewed(read) but never changed(written).
只讀值可以查看（讀取），但不能更改（寫入）。

Codable 可編碼

A protocol that allows classes or structures to be encoded to or decoded from different types of data such as JSON or Plist data.
一種協議，允許將類或結構編碼到不同類型的數據（例如JSON或Plist數據）或從中解碼。

read/write

A read/write value can be both viewed (read) and changed (written).
可以查看（讀取）和更改（寫入）讀取/寫入值。

adopt採用

In iOS development, when you adopt a protocol, you are implementing the properties or methods required by the protocol.
在iOS開發中，當您採用協議時，就是在實現協議所需的屬性或方法。

Working with the Web

Practical Animation 實用動畫

PlaygroundSupport

The PlaygroundSupport framework allows you to access properties of the playground environment, so you can share playground data, manage live views, and control the execution of a  playground.
PlaygroundSupport框架允許您訪問遊樂場環境的屬性，因此您可以共享遊樂場數據，管理即時視圖並控制遊樂場的執行。

live view 即時視圖

Each page in an Xcode playground can have its own live view for displaying a view hierarchy in the assistant editor.
Xcode遊樂場中的每個頁面都可以擁有自己的即時視圖，以在助手編輯器中顯示視圖層次結構。

touch-down

Touch-down refers to an event that's triggered when the user's finger taps down on a control
觸地是指在用戶的手指按下控件時觸發的事件

Core Animation

Core Animation provides a general-purpose system for animating views and other visual elements of your app.
Core Animation technology integrates with views to provide better performance and support for animating their content.
Core Animation提供了一種通用系統，可為應用程序的視圖和其他視覺元素設置動畫。
核心動畫技術與視圖集成在一起，可以為動畫內容提供更好的性能和支持。

touch-up

Touch-up refers to an event that's triggered when the user's finger lifts up from tapping a control
觸摸指的是用戶的手指從觸摸控件中抬起時觸發的事件

concatenate 串聯

Concatenation refers to the operation of joining two strings together.
串聯是指將兩個字符串連接在一起的操作。

transform

The transform property enables the manipulation of an element, from scaling the size of an image to increasing or decreasing the amount of time it takes for an animation to complete.
transform屬性使元素的操作成為可能，從縮放圖像的大小到增加或減少動畫完成所花費的時間。

animation

An animation modifies properties of a view over time.
動畫會隨著時間修改視圖的屬性。

wireframe 線框

A wireframe is a prototype or mockup of a given view or user interaction.
線框是一個給定的視圖或用戶交互的原型或實體模型。

affine transform

An affine transformation matrix is used to rotate, scale, translate, or skew the objects you draw in a graphics context.
Affine transforms are used when animating views.
仿射變換矩陣用於旋轉，縮放，平移或傾斜在圖形上下文中繪製的對象。
動畫視圖時使用仿射變換。

Working with the Web : HTTP and URL Session

GET

An HTTP request method, GET requests data from a specified online source.
See POST.
HTTP請求方法GET從指定的在線源請求數據。

asynchronous 非同步

Asynchronous code runs on separate processor threads, with user interface - related code running on the main thread and all session data tasks running on background thread.
非同步代碼在單獨的處理器線程上運行，而用戶界面相關的代碼在主線程上運行，所有會話數據任務在後台線程上運行。

HTTP header

HTTP headers are included in some nework requests as a way to pass extra details to the server that will respond to the request
HTTP標頭包含在某些網絡請求中，作為將額外詳細訊息傳遞到將響應該請求的服務器的一種方式

API

An application programming interface, or API, refers to any code that provides an interface to a specific set of functions - enabling developers to make use of complex code that's already written.
應用程序編程接口或API，是指為特定功能集提供接口的任何代碼-使開發人員能夠利用已編寫的複雜代碼。

JSON

JavaScript Object Notation, or JSON, is a plain- text format for transporting strings, numbers, Boolean values, and dictionaries in key-value pairs.
avaScript Object Notation或JSON是純文本格式，用於在鍵值對中傳輸字符串，數字，布爾值和字典。

POST

An HTTP method, POST submits data to be processed to a specified resource.
See GET.
HTTP方法POST將要處理的數據提交到指定的資源。

query

A query is a request for data.
查詢是對數據的請求。

query item

Ａ query item, or an NSURLQueryItem, represents a single name/Value pair for an item in the query portion of a URL.
Use query items with the query Items property of an NSURLComponents object.
查詢項或NSURLQueryItem代表URL的查詢部分中項目的單個名稱/值對。
將查詢項與NSURLComponents對象的query Items屬性一起使用。

URL Session

The URLSession API retrieves the contents from an URL object directly, either as an NSData object or as a file on disk.
URLSession API直接從URL對象檢索內容，可以是NSData對象，也可以是磁盤上的文件。

User-Agent

One common header paramter, called User - Agent, is a string that identifies the system performing the request.
一個常見的標頭參數（稱為用戶-代理）是一個字符串，用於標識執行請求的系統。

Extensions 擴展

mutate變異

Mutate refers to changing the value of a property or a variable.
When writing a method that will modify a structure, you must opt in to mulationg behavior for that method.
A method with the mutating keyword can mutate (change) the value of the structure.
變異是指更改屬性或變量的值。
編寫將修改結構的方法時，必須選擇對該方法的行為。
具有mutating關鍵字的方法可以使結構的值發生變異（更改）。

Working with the Web : Decoding JSON

escaping closure

An escaping closure is said to escape a function when the closure is passed as an argument to the function but is called after the function returns.
當閉包作為參數傳遞給函數時，轉義的閉包被稱為使函數轉義，但在函數返回後被調用。

throwing function

A throwing function is a special type of Swift function that can return specific types of errors.
拋出函數是Swift函數的一種特殊類型，可以返回特定類型的錯誤。

Closures 閉包

map

The map function loops over a collection and applies the same operation to each item in the Collection.
The  function accepts a closure that defines what action to perform on the items in the collection.
map函數遍歷一個集合，並對集合中的每個項目應用相同的操作。
該函數接受一個閉包，該閉包定義對集合中的項目執行什麼操作。

reduce

Use the reduce() function to combine all the items in a collection into a single value.
For example, if you had an array of Turn objects that contained a score , you could use the reduce function to calculate the total score.
使用reduce（）函數可將集合中的所有項目組合為一個值。
例如，如果您有一個包含得分的Turn對像數組，則可以使用reduce函數計算總得分。

filter

The filter function returns a new collection with only the items that match the conditions included in the closure parameter.
過濾器函數返回一個新集合，其中僅包含與閉包參數中條件匹配的項目。

sorted 排序

The sorted (by:) function will run the instruction on every pair of object in an array, returning a Boolean value until the entire collection is sorted according to the logic in the closure. 
sorted（by :)函數將在數組中的每對對像上運行指令，返回一個布爾值，直到根據閉包中的邏輯對整個集合進行排序為止。

closure

A closure is a self- contained block of functionality that can be passed around and used throughout your code.
Closures in Swift are similar to blocks in C and Objective-C, and to lambdas in other programming lauguages.
閉包是一個自包含的功能塊，可以在代碼中傳遞和使用。
Swift中的閉包類似於C和Objective-C中的塊，並類似於其他編程中的匿名函式。

synatactic sugar 語法糖

Syntactic sugar refers to programming syntax that's designed to make code easier to read or express.
語法糖是指使代碼更易於閱讀或表達的編程語法。

capture 捕獲

Capture means to identify and grab a piece of data.
捕獲意味著識別並獲取一條數據。

Working with the Web : Concurrency

dispatch queue

The dispatch queue class allows you to assign work to be executed on different system queues, or threads.
See Grand Central Dispatch.
使用分發隊列類，您可以分配要在不同的系統隊列或線程上執行的工作。

main queue

You can think of a thread as a queue, or a line, of instructions that the processor handles each instruction, it moves on to the next.
The main queue is responsible for all user interface updates in an iOS app.
您可以將線程視為處理器處理每條指令的隊列或一行指令，然後移至下一條。
主隊列負責iOS應用中的所有用戶界面更新。

Grand Central Dispatch (GCD) 多執行緒

Grand Central Dispatch , or GCD, is an Apple techology that manages the work on multiple processing cores by providing a series of queues, or lines, that process code based on relative priority levels.
Grand Central Dispatch或GCD是一種Apple技術，它通過提供一系列隊列或行來管理多個處理核心上的工作，這些隊列或行根據相對優先級對代碼進行處理。

background queue

All session data tasks are executed on a background thread - enabling the main thread to continue updating the user interface and responding to user input while the background thread waits for response to the network request.
所有會話數據任務都在後台線程上執行-在後台線程等待對網絡請求的響應時，使主線程能夠繼續更新用戶界面並響應用戶輸入。

concurrency 併發

Concurrency is the idea that a program may run different parts of code - such as networking or animation code - on different threads, or queues, at the same time.
併發是指程序可以同時在不同的線程或隊列上運行不同部分的代碼（例如，網路代碼或動畫代碼）。

network activity indicator

The network activity indicator spins in the top-left corner of the status bar when the app is performing a long - running network task.
當應用執行長時間運行的網路任務時，網路活動指示器會在狀態欄的左上角旋轉。

App Transport Security(ATS)

App Transport Security, or ATS, improves user security and privacy by requiring apps to use secure network connections over HTTPS.
App Transport Security或ATS通過要求應用程序使用基於HTTPS的安全網路連接來提高用戶安全性和隱私性。

Prototyping and Project Planning

App Personality

human interface guidelines

Guidelines maintained by Apple on how to build user interfaces that are intuitive and engaging.
Apple維護的有關如何構建直觀且引人入勝的用戶界面的準則。

launch screen

A launch screen appears instantly when your app starts up and is replaced once the inital view controller is loaded.
當您的應用啟動時，啟動屏幕會立即出現，並且在加載了初始視圖控制器後便會被替換。

brand

A brand is the visual identity of an app.
品牌是應用的視覺識別。

template image

An image that discards colors and adopts the tint color of the app or enclosing view.
放棄顏色並採用應用或附件視圖的淺色的圖像。

app icon

An app icon is a visual badge or representation of an iOS app, used to identify the app on the Home screen, in the App Store, in a Spotlight search, and in the Settings app.
應用程序圖標是iOS應用程序的視覺標誌或表示，用於在主屏幕，App Store，Spotlight搜索和“設置”應用程序中標識該應用程序。