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PRAGMATICS - Coggle Diagram
PRAGMATICS
Politeness
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.When ever you say something that lessens the possible threat to another’s face, it can be described as a face-saving act.
If you say something that represents a threat to another person’s self-image, thatiscalledaface-threateningac
Your face,inpragmatics, is your public self-image.
Anaphora
Defined as subsequent reference to an already introduced entity. Mostly we use anaphora in texts to maintain reference.
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Invisible meaning
Speakers (or writers) must be able to depend on a lot of shared assumptions and expectations when they try to communicate
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Reference
Is the act by which a speaker (or writer) uses language to enable a listener (or reader) to identify something
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Speech acts
If you say, I’ll be there at six,you are not just speaking, you seem to be performing the speech act of ‘promising’.
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Inference
.An inference is additional information used by the listener to create a connection between what is said and what must be meant
‘if X is the name of the writer of a book, then X can be used to identify a copy of a book by that writer’
Presupposition
What a speaker (or writer) assumes is true or known by a listener (or reader) can be described as a presupposition.
If someone tells you Your brother is waiting outside, there is an obvious presupposition that you have a brother.
Direct speech act
When an interrogative structure such as Did you...?,Are they...? or Can we...? is used with the function of a question, it is described as a direct speech act.
You left the door open has a declarative structure and, as a direct speech act, would be used to make a statement
Context
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Physical context.
Our understanding of much of what we read and hear is tied to this processing of aspects of the physical context,
Indirect speech act
With Can you pass the salt? We normally use it to make a request This is an example of an indirect speech act.
if you say it’s really cold outside to someone, You are using a declarative structure to make a request. It’s another example of an indirect speech act
Pragmatics
Communication depends on recognizing what speakers mean by their utterances. The study of what speakers mean, is called pragmatics