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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Until adolescence, they do not secrete hormones.
      - Sexual gland hormones are steroid hormones.
  - - - It is secreted from the follicle in the ovary with the effect of FSH secreted from the pituitary, and from the corpus luteum with the effect of LH.
      - It provides thickening of the inner tissue of the uterus (endometrium) by increasing cell division.
      - It also allows the creation of secondary sexual characters.
  - - - Target Organ: Uterus
      - It is secreted from the corpus luteum with the effect of LH secreted from the pituitary, and from the placenta in case of pregnancy.
      - It ensures that the inner wall of the uterus is made ready for the embryo to adhere.
      - In addition, it prevents the contraction of the uterus during pregnancy and ensures the continuation of the pregnancy.
      - Less secretion during pregnancy: Miscarriage may occur.
  - - - Target Organ: Testis and some body cells
      - They are produced by Leydig cells in the testis with the effect of LH secreted from the pituitary.
      - It ensures the maturation of the sperm and the development of the auxiliary glands in the male reproductive system.
      - It also allows the creation of secondary sexual characters.
- - - - It secretes two different hormones, thyroxine and calcitonin.
    - - Less secretion: Due to iodine deficiency, there is a decrease or inability to produce thyroxine hormone. In this case, the thyroid gland, which is constantly stimulated by TSH to release thyroxine, swells and grows. Goiter disease (Simple) occurs.
      - Fatigue, Weakness, Drowsiness, Muscle Weakness
        
        Simple goiter progression: Myxodema (hypothyroidism) disease is seen as a result of the low secretion of thyroxine hormone in adults.
      - Metabolism slows down, loss of appetite, fatigue, obesity, hair loss ...
      - Excessive secretion: Overwork of the thyroid gland due to hereditary, environmental or cancer reasons causes internal goiter
        (Toxic goiter = Graves = Hyperthyroidism) disease. In this case, the thyroid gland may be normal or overgrown.
        
        Metabolism accelerates, weight loss is observed, sweating increases, eyeballs pop out, irritability appears ...
        
        Low secretion of thyroxine hormone in childhood: Cretinism
        
        Growth failure, mental retardation ...
  - - - Target Organ: All body cells
      - It has an amino acid structure. It contains iodine mineral in its structure.
        
        Its secretion is controlled by TSH through the negative feed-back mechanism.
        
        It regulates the metabolism of the body related to energy production. That is, it adjusts the amount of oxygen the cells will use.
        
        It is involved in the growth of the individual and the differentiation of organs.
  - - - Target Organ: Bone and kidney
      - Adjusts the amount of calcium in the blood.
        
        When the amount of calcium in the blood increases, it begins to be secreted and ensures that the excess calcium in the blood passes to the bones and is stored.
        
        By also affecting the kidneys
      - reduces the reabsorption of calcium.
- - - - It basically consists of two parts, namely Acini cells and langerhans islets.
      - Acini cells produce enzymes by producing pancreatic juice. (Exocrine)
      - Langerhans islets consist of alpha and beta regions containing hormone producing cells. (Endocrine)
    - - Insulin Hormone :explode:
        
        Target Organ: Liver and all body cells
      - In a healthy person, the average glucose level in the blood is 90mg / 100ml. When the amount of glucose exceeds this value, the receptors in the pancreas perceive this and insulin hormone is secreted from beta cells.
        
        It increases glucose permeability of all cells except brain cells.
        
        It ensures that excess glucose is stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles.
        
        It prevents the breakdown of stored glycogen.
        
        It stimulates protein and fat synthesis.
      - Less secretion: Since the amount of glucose in the blood cannot be reduced to a normal level, glucose coming to the kidneys cannot be reabsorbed, which causes glucose in a very watery urine. This is called Diabetes.
      - Type 1 diabetes: Since insulin cannot be produced due to the immune cells attacking beta cells, they have to take insulin throughout their lives.
        It is usually hereditary and occurs at a young age.
        
        Type 2 diabetes: It is caused by the cells not responding to insulin due to the receptor defect in the target cells.
        Patients can lead a normal life with healthy nutrition, sports and medication.
  - - - Target Organ: Liver and all body cells
      - When the amount of glucose falls below normal value, the receptors in the pancreas perceive this and glucagon hormone is secreted from the alpha cells.
      - It is an antagonist of the hormone insulin.
      - It provides the breakdown of glycogen in the liver and increases glucose release.
      - Provides the destruction of fat from adipose tissues.
- - - - They are transported to target organs by blood. :red_flag:
        
        It is slow to work but effective for a long time.
        
        It can be secreted from mixed glands and endocrine glands.
        
        Glands that secrete both enzymes and homones are called hybrid glands. Pancreas, stomach, small intestine, ovary, testicle, liver and kidney are mixed glands.
        
        Only the glands that secrete hormones are called endocrine glands. Glands such as the pituitary, hypothalamus, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal gland are endocrine glands.
        
        The presence of hormones in the blood at a certain level speeds up the metabolism.
        
        In order for hormones to be effective, they must be present in the blood at a certain level.
- - - - Frontal Lobe Hormones: Hormone secretion is controlled by special signal hormones (RF) secreted from the hyphalamus.
        
        STH (Growth Hormone) :check:
        
        TSH (Thyroid stimulating hormone) :check:
        
        ACTH (Adenocorticotropic hormone) :check:
        
        FSH (Follicle stimulating hormone) :check:
        
        LH (Luteinizing hormone) :check:
        
        LTH (Prolactin, Luteotropic hormone) :check:
        
        MSH (Melanocyte stimulating hormone) :check:
      - Posterior Lobe Hormones:
        Hormones produced by the hypothalamus and sent to the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland through short blood vessels and secreted from there to the whole body.
        Therefore, there is no hormone production in the posterior lobe of the pituitary.
        
        ADH (Antidiuretic hormone) :check:
        
        Oxytocin :check:
        
        Oxytocin :warning:
        
        Target Organ: Uterus and mammary glands
        
        It provides the contraction of the uterine muscles during birth and the onset of labor pain.
        
        It provides the transfer of the produced milk to the milk channels.
        
        ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone = Vasopressin) :warning:
        
        Target Organ: Kidney
        
        It is a hormone that provides water balance in the body by re-absorbing water in the kidneys.
        
        Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus detect the osmotic pressure of the blood and adjust the amount of ADH.
        
        Less secretion: The reabsorption of water decreases and the creature loses too much water. This increases the concentration of glucose in the blood. This disease is called sugar-free diabetes (sugar-free diabetes).
    - - STH (Growth Hormone) :warning:
      - Target Organ: All body cells
      - It provides the growth of bones and the body in general.
      - Less secretion in development period: Nanism (Dwarfism)
      - Excessive secretion during development: Gigantism
      - If excessive secretion after the development period: Disproportionate growth in other words acromegaly is seen in some body parts such as hands, feet and nose.
    - - TSH (TUH = Thyroid Stimulating Hormone) :warning:
      - Target Organ: Thyroid gland
      - It regulates the functioning of the thyroid gland and hormone secretion.
      - Excessive secretion: The thyroid gland is overstimulated and secretes more hormones. Thyroid gland makes growth.
    - - ACTH (Adenocorticotropic Hormone) :warning:
        
        Target Organ: Cortex region of the adrenal gland (adrenal gland)
        
        It stimulates the shell part of the adrenal gland and provides hormone secretion from the shell part.
    - - FSH (FUH = Follicle Stimulating Hormone) :warning:
        
        Target Organ: Female -> Ovary, Male -> Testis
        
        It stimulates the ovaries in females and the testicles in males.
        
        It initiates egg formation in the ovary that is stimulated in females (oogenesis) and provides the secretion of estrogen hormone.
        
        In men, it initiates sperm production (spermatogenesis) in the stimulated testicles.
    - - LH (Luteinizing Hormone) :warning:
      - Target Organ: Female -> Ovary, Male -> Testis
        
        In females, it provides ovulation and the formation of the corpus luteum. Due to the formation of the corpus luteum, it provides the secretion of estrogen and progesterone hormones from the ovary.
        
        In men, it stimulates the leydig cells in the testis to release the testosterone hormone.
    - - LTH (Prolactin = PRL = Luteotropic Hormone) :warning:
        
        Target Organ: Milk Glands
        
        It provides the development of the milk glands and the secretion of milk.
        
        It gives motherhood instinct.
    - - MSH (MUH = Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone) :warning:
        
        Target Organ: Leather
        
        It stimulates the melanocyte cells in the skin.
        
        It provides the production of melanin pigments and creates skin color.
        
        The stain is responsible for the creation of structures such as freckles and moles.
- - - - It is very large in newborn babies. It gets smaller as the age progresses. In children, it works with maximum activity.
- - - - It releases parathormone.
    - - Target Organ: Bone, kidney and intestine
        
        It maintains the calcium-phosphorus balance between the blood and other tissues.
        
        It is secreted when the amount of calcium in the blood falls below the normal value.
        
        It provides calcium mineral passage from bone to blood.
        
        Increases calcium absorption from intestines and kidneys.
        
        It accelerates the removal of phosphorus from the kidneys and reduces the amount of phosphorus in the blood.
        
        Parathyroid hormone and calcitonin hormone have opposite effects. (antagonist)
        
        Less secretion: The level of calcium in the blood falls below its normal value.
        Since it is less secreted, calcium, which will optimize the values, cannot be drawn into the blood from the tissues.
        This situation increases calcium accumulation in bones and muscles.
        Painful tremors occur in the muscles. This disease is called tetany.
        
        If excessive secretion: While the amount of calcium in the blood increases considerably; Calcium deposits in bones and muscles are reduced.
        Too much reabsorbed calcium by the kidneys causes kidney stone formation.
        Decrease in calcium in muscles causes muscle weakness.
- - - - It has no direct connection with the kidneys.
      - The adrenal glands consist of two parts, the core (medulla) and the shell (cortex) region.
      - Aldosterone (Mineralocorticoid) :fire:
        
        Target organ: Kidney :black_flag:
        
        It decreases the absorption of potassium while increasing the absorption of sodium and chlorine from the kidneys.
        
        It regulates the concentration of ions in the blood, intracellular and extracellular fluids.
        
        Less secretion: Absorption of sodium and chlorine from kidneys decreases, potassium absorption increases. In this case, while the amount of sodium and chlorine in the body decreases, the amount of potassium increases.
        
        As the amount of minerals decreases in general, blood pressure decreases. Due to mineral loss, muscle fatigue, lack of resistance and fatigue occur in the body. Pigmentation in the skin increases and the color becomes darker. Addison's disease occurs.
        
        Essence Zone
        
        It develops from the nervous tissue in the embryonic period, so it is an extension of the nervous system and works with the sympathetic nervous system.
        
        It secretes amino acid hormones.
        
        Adrenaline Hormone (Epinephrine)
        
        Target Organ: All body cells
        
        Situations such as excitement, fear and anger are released. It decreases the events related to digestion and increases the other events.
        
        It increases blood sugar.
        
        It directs blood to organs such as brain, heart and skeletal muscles by dilating some vessels and narrowing some vessels.
        
        It causes the blood vessels in the skin to narrow. Therefore, the amount of blood going to the skin is reduced. That is why the color of the afraid person turns yellow.
        
        Noradrenaline Hormone (Norepinephrine)
        
        Target Organ: All body cells
        
        Their tasks are similar to adrenaline.
        
        It also functions as a neurotransmitter substance secreted from the axon tips.
    - - Cortex Area
        
        Hormone secretion is controlled by ACTH.
    - - Target Organ: All body cells
        
        It is effective on carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism. When the rate of glucose in the blood decreases, it increases the blood sugar by turning the fat and proteins in the body into glucose.
        
        It increases the glycogen storage in the liver.
        
        It prevents the oxidation of glucose. (oxygenated breathing of glucose) Instead, it provides the oxidation of proteins and fats. As a result of protein oxidation, the amount of urea in the urine increases.
        
        Less secretion: Since glucose cannot be produced from other organic molecules, blood sugar decreases.
        
        Glucocorticoids are hormones that suppress immune cells.