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Access, Power and Social Marginalisation in Cyberculture - Coggle Diagram

- - - - perspective of culture it is important how data transmission is performed
        
        paradigms of knowledge transfer are far more important
        
        point of view of the traditional form of organising data as a book
        
        This interface has produced certain forms of perception connected with the educational system and knowledge processing
        
        resulted into the appearance of specific cultural modes of thinking, restructured perceptual and cognitive processes
    - - Gutenberg and his battle for perfect typesetting that ruined him
        
        question of balance between the form and meaning of text has been main issue in typographers, efforts
        
        500 years of typographic tradition that also the history of inaccessibility for blind users
        
        idea of readability and usability prevailed in 20th century discourse on book design
        
        analogue interfaces it was necessary to construct alternative means of perception (i.a. visual, voice and tactile)
    - - born in Bauhaus as a mental concept for modernist humankind
        
        Marcel Breuer’s concept of the ideal of a chair, and his also said "In the end we will sit on resilient columns of air"
        
        this metaphor reveals designer’s consciousness of the body of the user of a piece of furniture
        
        suggests that the need to reduce an interface to a feature that are necessary for is functionality
    - - basic assumption leads toward conclusion that a technology user is also a participant and this is a new perpetual paradigm
    - - example are David Rokeby's work on Very Nervous System that described as adding new meaning to the term "interactivity"
        
        beyond-language conversation of human and computer
        
        very similar to contemporary systems that enable controlling computer with the eye movement or body gestures without VR equipment
        
        Such technologies can serve Internet users with movement disabilities helping them to control computer and interact with other Internet users
  - - - connecting various groups of marginalised people from
        different cities
        
        prostitutes
        
        taxi drivers
      - Function: Canal Accessible
        
        serves people with movement disabilities
        who create their own wikimap of Barcelona
        
        mark all places in the city space which are not accessible for people on wheel chairs
        
        users are documenting their work with photographs taken with mobile phone cameras
    - - Function: videochat system allowing users to communicate in a
        most natural way
        
        facial expressions
        
        natural language
        
        video recording
        
        video streaming
      - Target user: all ages
        
        system is user-friendly
        
        easy to operate
        
        encouraging also for older persons to use it
      - tool designed for deaf users
        
        allow to social networking
        
        create signed videos, signed blogs
        and signed forums
        
        create the situation, when ‘people within deaf community can communicate with each other online, using their native languages
        
        potential users at schools for deaf children
        
        video chat increased their abilities in
        facial self-expression and in signing
        
        expanded their possibilities of
        communicative interaction with other people
  - - - Capture symbolically by anthropologist Michael Wesch in his YouTube film The MACHINE IS Us/ing Us.
        
        questioning the design of interfaces and devices regarding the users need and ablities
        
        American Life Project indicates that the presence of older
        generations in Internet is lower than the young
        
        In 10 years this situation will change as the age progess
    - - users’ activity crosses the imagination of the designer
        
        case of Nasza-klasa.pl [Our-Class.pl] a website similar to classmates
        
        person who wanted to become a new user had to ask directly the website designers
        
        broaden the age categories for
        potential users
        
        users aged up to
        90, whereas the asking person was 95 years old
        
        web design is mainly directed
        to young people
        
        which seems to be logical regarding the Pew Internet
        research
        
        interfaces as smart homes that support
        the users, especially aged and with disabilities
        
        not only pure
        interfaces but also habitats
        
        HCI design is de facto the problem of
        technological imagination concerning target groups
        
        depends on multiple
        functionalities built in the interface
      - Functionalities of interfaces and the necessity of usability are connected with anthropological problems of Web 2.0 design
        
        rules of HCI are a kind of web design savoir-vivre and cultural competencies
        
        anthropological perspective, we can see in this process both the patterns of culture drifting into the direction of political correctness and ‘the battle for standards’
        
        main assumptions of design 2.0 is
        separation of content appearance and user’s behaviour
        
        separation makes websites more accessible to users and more visible for bots of search engines.
        
        Designers in a form of ritualised competition watch each other
        
        maintain the standards of usability and develop more user-friendly interface
  - - - Device consists of a camera mounted in spectacles, connected with headphones and completed by the software processing the optical signals and changing them into the soundscape
        
        process of seeing is exchanged for hearing
        
        stream of visual data and transformed into a stream of audial data
        
        recognises obstacles located close to the user
        
        warns user by emitting sound representation of objects
      - sensory substitution and synthetic vision approach
        
        visual informationthrough an auditory display
        
        it may be used through education and extensive immersive use with conscious and subconscious visual processing
        
        lead to vivid and truly visual sensations, a ‘visual awakening’, by exploiting the neural plasticity of the human brain
  - - - precursors of the new way of
        thinking
      - Aiming to encode complicated symbolic content - Simplexity
      - Usability exceeds the limitations of political correctness with necessary of double coding and decoding of meaning
      - Anthropology situation are the natural bridge between world of those who can see and those can't or other communities with limited access to content
      - reflection on the roles of mechanisms of social content-generation and visualisations of communication obstacles
      - artistic and scientific projects resulted in real changes in architural solution or development of acessibility
    - - chances of revolution in thinking of physical space
      - Impact not only in architecture of information but also traditional meaning
      - Way of thinking in Network, communities and new ergonomics of communication is introduction to reflection on new society that lack in communication obstacles
      - evolution of humans connected via computer in social term due to technological interfaces.
    - - first model of the interface (a jog dial with four
        buttons located circularly around),
        
        complication into four buttons and a
        jog dial (separated) and simplification (integrated into one scroll dial)
        
        Last step which is simplication that provoked both commercial success and marked rends of interfaces design
      - Maeda shows the example of good quality design failure on the level of the user inability to use the device
    - - important abilities in contemporary
        information society
      - user can only gain knowledge by himself with instructions
  - - - final effect
        
        reducing sensory substitution
        
        reducing perceptual deficiency
      - the purpose is more to design
        
        plays a metaphorical role, translating functional benefits into sensory and cognitive modalities
        
        finds its shape and its place as a kind of overtone, as an echo of technology
        
        often echoes the specific character of technology and corresponds to its basic pulse
- - - - Main idea is that social capital as theorised by among others Bourdieu, is correlated to the level of participation
        
        Social media platforms will have beneficial or adversarial effects on grassroots mobilization depends in part on active
        choices of designers
  - - - Articulate a list of other users with whom they share a connection
        
        View and traverse their list of connections and those made by others within the system
      - Web-based services that construct a public or semi public profile within a bounded system
    - - Maintain off-line connections
        in an on-line environment
      - Possible to form more or less contemporary groups, connecting people from different networks
        
        Not correct to describe or define social network sites or social media in general as the opposite of traditional or mainstream media
    - - Provided that the message is
        attractive enough to be virally shared
        
        Potentially transforming
        factor in political life is the increased velocity and scope of the communication
        
        Individuals manifest their commitment to their existing beliefs and move closer to political action
  - - - seen as
        heralding a new dawn for inclusive, non-hierarchical politics
    - - individuals acting only on behalf of
        themselves, but usually being a part of a wider network of people sharing
        views and notions of political strategy
      - spread information
        and media content by word of mouth to wider groups of people through
        personal interconnectedness
    - - Influentials
      - Activists
      - Proximate decision makers
      - Stratum of the attentive public
      - Voters
      - Nonparticipants
  - - - No major differences between the answers from the
        politically active participants and the non-active participants
      - Had generally a sceptical view towards
        political campaigns in Facebook
      - Complained about the large number of requests for
        support from political campaigns, among an enormous number of other types
        of requests and invitations, leading to Facebook fatigue and a general
        reluctance toward any type of action
      - taken
        part in off-line activities as a direct result of mobilisation using Facebook.
- - - - This is for virtual communities and hence for participation, new social movements and grassroots activism to emerge
        
        Cyberspace is understood according to Pierre Lévy’s definition of a space that enables social movements, i.e. grassroots democracy, and political participation.9
        
        The web enhances networking of people from different backgrounds, histories and experiences to share interests and aspirations.
        
        Social software has the potential to enhance political participation and grassroots activism and its also combination of tools that make the quick emergence of group-forming networks possible:
        
        numerous media
        
        Utilities
        
        Applications that empower individual efforts
    - - As Anderson argued in the context of print media, a nation can be considered an imagined political community
        
        In the same way, as print-media helped to distribute information for an imagined community within one nation, the Internet can have this functionality on a global scale
        
        Online communities rather emerge from networks than groups.
        
        Due to the networked societies, boundaries are permeable, interaction with diverse others, connections switch between multiple networks, and hierarchies can be flatter and recursive.
        
        Social software provides the potential for political actions, although commercial structures are inherent in most websites
  - - - the way we perceive
      - The design
      - (re-)use information and communicate technologies
      - cyberspace is a social space, because it is created, shaped and (re-)designed by technicians, constructors, engineers.
        
        Designing and structuring cyberspace is a social act and cyberspace is a product of human action and creativity.
        
        The real and the virtual sphere are closely related and interdependent and social inequalities, power structures and ideologies existing in real space are therefore transferred to the virtual sphere
    - - New media and globalisation processes have a major impact on the structure and organisation of so-called Global Cities24 as well as the individual and the social
        
        Information technologies are yet another factor contributing to the new logic for agglomeration.
        
        These technologies make possible the geographic dispersal and simultaneous integration of many activities
        
        According to Castells the suspension of spatial and temporal distances is the dominant social logic of the Network Society
        
        Since humans are living in real physical space - the space of places -
        
        this process brings along a loss of the self of individuals
    - - economic
      - social
      - symbolic
      - cultural capital
  - - - The conventional media are trapped in a technology of
        central production and mass distribution,which limits their
        ability to allow citizens to ‘confer in an unrestricted
        fashion’.
        
        Information technologies and related to them changes in
        communication structures are amongst the deep drivers of globalisation.
        
        There is a difficult relationship between the ‘global as the principle source of
        domination and the local as the principal source of resistance and emancipation
        
        Networked, digitized information media cut across
        territorial boundaries of cultural groups.They juxtapose
        differences in a homogeneous medium. They bring togetherThey bring together
        individuals with common interests but divergent nationalities and traditions
        
        Places of political action and decision-making are linked by ‘rapid
        communications into complex networks of political interaction
        
        Globality is a new resource for users who mix
        technical properties with local practices
        
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  - - - The internet changes politics not only from a governmental and parliamentarian perspective but also on the individual level.
        
        social software in particular promises to enable decentralized actions, a range of possibilities to share and exchange information.
        
        these new possibilities have the potential to lay the foundation for new ways of political participation and social movement to emerge
    - - It is a space of political interaction and moreover a central resource of information.
        
        The networks include nodes and links, use many possible paths to distribute information from any link to any other, and self-regulated through flat governance hierarchies and distributed power
    - - However, there are certain disadvantages as well, that are inherent in the technology.
        
        For example, the outcome, political orientation, and methods for online political activism and participation are dependent on the users, developers, and producers of social software.
        
        Although the Internet can potentially connect people all over the world, limitation in Internet access, lack in computer skills and literacy make the political forum it offers less inclusive - not only, but especially in the developing world.
        
        Cultural differences can lead to misinterpretations when political mobilisation enters a global arena through digital social networks.
  - - - Those excluded from cyberspace thus depend on guidance of real-space-elites.
        
        Potential access of internet and information and the disadvantages of exclusion were subsumed under the term 'digital divide'.
        
        Access in necessary precondition to take benefit from the positive potential of the internet and related technologies
        
        Participation, social movements, collective intelligence, collaborative knowledge production, citizen journalism, user generated content, etc are new qualities of social software
        
        Every new form of communication both heightens ties between those who already know one another, and raises the wall of exclusion for those lacking access to the new medium of communication
  - - - Community building in cyberspace requires an open,
        participatory framework
        
        Societal structures and political concepts are transferred from
        real world into the virtual space
        
        The real
        and the virtual cannot be seen independently from each other.
        
        Cultural, political and societal context have to be
        considered in Internet governance
        
        The digital divide still excludes many people especially in the developing world to use social software for political engagement
        
        Universal access is the precondition for using ICTs for
        grassroots democracy
        
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