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Families Topic 1 -part 2- - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Feminists: Barrett and McIntosh -
        Cereal packet family is patriarchal, harmful and anti - social
        
        Harmful
        
        Lone parents / homosexual families - subject to attack from Conservative parties, New Right and media = they're inadequate family units
        
        People who live alone feel deviant
        
        Ideology pretends there's no dark side to family
        
        'Non - Conformist' households are open to prejudice from Mags, Social Workers and Police - labelled as school failure
        
        Anti-Social
        
        Devalues family life - schools make it harder for dual working families and lone parents to go on holiday
        
        Package holidays - leaves lone parents out of having good deals
        
        Harding (housing policies favour married couples)
        
        Social housing favours nuclear family
        
        Ideology separates 'us' from 'them'
        
        Patriarchal
        
        Triple burden : domestic, emotional and exploitive employment
        
        State policies, allow longer maternity that paternity
        
        Women are disadvantaged - ascribed to housework, childcare, lower pay
  - - - Divorce
      - Employment
      - Family Size
      - Governments in a dilemma whether to accept changes (divorce, sex out of marriage, lone parenthood) or reverse trends back to 'acceptable family units'
        2 main Social Policies aimed at families
        
        Help producing direct material support for families
        
        Cash benefits and child benefit
        
        The Child Maintenance Service
        
        Ensures absent fathers are present it cost of bringing up a child
        
        Help for parents, balance the demand of paid employment and family life
        
        Paternity and maternity leave
        
        'Sure Start Children's Centres'
        
        Early Year Childcare
- - - - Some New Right Characteristics
      - Renewed marriage importance (opposed cohabitation)
      - 2011 - Coalition
        
        Troubled families programme - tackle family problems (cost of public sector)
        
        Tax benefits to married couples (promotes marriage)
        
        David Cameron announced - new government domestic policies have to pass 'family test' in future to see how much it will affect the family
        
        To strengthen their community to traditional family
  - - - New Right approach
      - SP supported nuclear family (save money by reduction of welfare benefits)
      - Child Support Agency (1993)
        Ensures absent fathers take care of children
  - - - Some New Right ideas were continued
      - Lack of male role models
      - SP shows growing diversity of family forms
      - Reflected concerns of Feminist Critics
      - New Deals to support lone parents moving back into employment from welfare state dependency (Minimum Wage introduction)
      - Increase in free childcare - supported lone parents
      - Civil Partnership Act 2004 - Homosexual couples allowed to marry - accepted family form
- - - - Land = Social policies assume ideal families are 'patriarchal nuclear family'
        
        Effects of policy reinforces a particular type of family (self fulfilling)
        
        State assumes normal families are based on marriage
      - Policies that support patriarchal family
        
        - Tax Benefit
        Men assumed to be main wage earner - Women can't claim social security as dependency lies with husband
        
        - Care for sick and elderly
        
        Government assumes families provide care - middle aged women take c are upon themselves - preventing full time work = dependency on partners
        
        - Leonard
        
        Policies that support women, reinforce patriarchy (Maternity leave -benefits women (low) but they have to take it)
        
        Argument for Leonard
        
        Now shared parental leave exists but only 0.2% of men take it
        
        - Child benefit
        
        Goes directly to mother (gov assumed its her primary responsibility)
        
        - Childcare
        
        Government pays for pre-school but not enough for parents to return to full time work
      - Importance of Social Policy
        
        Social Construction of family roles - Maintains patriarchy
      - Critics
        
        Not all SP are directed at patriarchy
        (Equal Pay Act, Lesbian Marriages)
        
        Rape in marriage was made a criminal offence - 1991 (improving position of women)
  - - - Policy Changes
        
        Greater family diversity (increase divorce, cohabitation, same sex marriages)
        
        Led to the conventional family unit being under threat = social problem (crime, welfare dependency)
      - Almond
        
        Laws making divorce easy undermines marriage
        
        Introduction to civil partnership - reduces superiority of heterosexual marriage
        
        Tax laws discriminate conventional family with a breadwinner
        
        Increased rights of unmarried cohabitants, adoption rights and succession of council housing makes cohabitation similar to marriage reducing need of getting married
      - Lone Parent, Welfare Policy and Dependency Culture
        
        Murray - Generous welfare benefit (council housing for unmarried teenage mothers - undermines conventional nuclear family)
        
        Benefit = Perverse Incentive (rewards irresponsible behaviour)
        +If fathers see that the state maintains children - they will leave
        
        Council housing for unmarried teen mothers - encourages teenage pregnancy
        
        Current policies encourage Dependency Culture - 2 Functions become threatened
        1) Successful socialisation of the young
        2) Maintaining work ethic in young men
      - New Right Solution
        
        Policies must be changed (cutting welfare spending)
        
        Advantages:
        
        Cutting benefits = Tax reduction (men have incentive to work)
        
        Deny council housing for teen mothers (removes incentive to have a child)
        
        Advocate traditional family policies ( tax favours for the married, instead of cohabiting - absent fathers become financially responsible for kids )
        
        The less that state interferes the better family life will become ( self-reliant)
  - - - Family was under threat with rising divorce, lone parents and births out of marriage - Blame inadequate socialisation (lack of male role models for boys)
    - - Intro of health and education polices led to welfare state development - supporting families
      - Critics
        
        2 - Assumptions that there's a 'march of progress' with SP
        
        Marxists - Clock can be turned back and reverse progress made (cutting welfare benefit to poor families)
        
        1 - Assumption that family members benefit equally from social policy
        
        Feminists - polies exploit women benefitting men
  - - - Uses Foucault's concept of surveillance - Professionals (doctors, social workers) carryout surveillance = policing of families
        
        Not targeted by social class but by professions for 'improvement'
        
        Condry - State seeks to control family life
        
        Parents of truant offenders
        can take classes to improve parenting
        
        Rejects idea of 'March of Progress' (functionalist) - there's no positive of social policy
        
        Micro Approach - 'caring professionals' act as agents of social control (knowledge is a form of power)
    - - Marxist Feminist - Fail to identify who benefits from 'policy of surveillance'
      - Marxists - SP operate to intrest capitalism
      - Feminists - SP are in men's favour