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Regional language varieties of the UK - Coggle Diagram
Regional language varieties of the UK
Accent
A part of dialect
It expresses identity and which part of the country we come from
It can also express social status
Higher classes - associated with Received Pronunciation
A way you say things
Britain
South - traditionally more prosperous
South East Midland dialect
It became the standard English by change - not linguistic superiority
North-South divide
North - where industry has grown, considered less cultured
Language
Pronunciation
For non speakers is difficult because they don't understand all of the speakers they listen to
Non native speakers
Disadvantage
Some things give out their non native speaker status
Inappropriate pronunciation
Unconventional word stress
Blocked or slow communication
Inappropriate register
Register
Formal - informal - semi formal - Formal academic
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Example
Italian speakers don't distinguish between /I/ and /I:/
/ae/ //\ / /e/
When teaching most attention is given to reading and writing
Intonation
Allows to express emotions and attitudes
Four functions
Attitudinal
Accentual
Grammatical
Discourse
Discourse function
Helps to give importance to the information content
Tonic stress - on word with highest information content
Intonation signals for the most important information
higher pitch
slow speed
wider pitch range
increased loudness
Rising tone + falling rising tone = shared or given information
Uptalk
HIGH RISING TONE AT THE END OF A SENTENCE
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The text needs to be divided in sense units to help the reader understand
Intonation signals for subordinate information
Lower pitch
faster speed
less loud volume
less wide pitch range
Falling tone - new information
Tone chosen - whether the tone unit presents new or already known information
Regional varieties
Estuary
English
Estuary of River Thames, South East England
Initial levelling caused by Cockney speakers from inner London
Some people suggest it's becoming a new RP
Desirable dialect and pronunciation
High status
Doctors - scientists - lawyers and so on in the media
Term invented by David Roswewarne - 1984
Characteristics
Glottal stop for t - what, water, bottle
No h dropping - always pronounced
Innit, right - tag questions
No use of non standard grammar (comes from Cockney)
Vocalized /L/ : bottle becomes /bau/
Cockney vowels /ei/ - becomes /ai/ , /ai/ becomes /oi/
Foot/strut - Bath/trap divisions
Important differences between North and South
Upper region: no difference in words with u and a
Multicultural London English (MLE)
One of the m most curious and new varieties
Feature pool
Collection of words, grammar, pronunciations from all different languages in contemporary London
Short vowels preferred to diphthongs
Long u becomes u
Stopping: th goes t, dh goes d
Dhi: 'aepl becomes dhə 'aepl
Geordie
North East England
Teeside, Tyneside, Middlesbrough, Northumberland
Teeside and Middlesborough
Large influx of population from Ireland and Wales, leaving a mark on the accent
Similarities with Liverpool (big Irish population) - in the North East we also have Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Sunderland, Durham
No foot strut, no bath trap
H dropping (not pronounced)
Dark L
i as final for city and seedy
Glottal reinforcements for p, t, k - sometimes a glottal stop
ei goes to /ɜː/
ou goes to o:
i: becomes closing diphthong ei
Northumberland/Tyneside (common ancestry with Anglo Saxon)
First becomes fo:st
ai becomes ei (right)
L is always clear
No h dropping (h is pronounced)
-ing becomes -in
p, t, k - glottalised between vowel (like city)
au becomes u: about, out
No foot strut, no bath trap (as it's a Northern accent)
Northumberland use of 'burr' - Remember, Durham
Lexis
Bairn = child
Wife = adult woman
lari = teach
canny = nice
aye = yes
lad = man
lass = woman
howay = hurry up
haddaway = go away
lug = ear
oxter = armpit
Edinburgh (central Scotland, standard Scottish English)
Different vowel system from the English one
R is rhotic - pre and post vocal - always pronounced
Scots vowels
Tend to be short
Caught and cot are homophones
A is shorter - Pam and palm are homophones
Scottish vowel length rule
There's difference in vowel length when vowel at the end has inflectional ending: tide and tied are homophones in RP - but -ed suffix makes vowel phoneme longer in tied
No ɜ: vowel
Boat diphthong - is o: -> bot, pol, noz (boat, pole, nose)
Witch consonant
Homophone in which and witch -> in Scottish there's a way of saying an h before a w
With is wi (unvoiced th)
Glottal stop is often with t
H is present
Ing is -in (like in Geordie)
Glasgow
Stressed dialect - stressed syllables have a fall in pitch
Aberdeen
Influence by Doric
Many residents from other parts of Scotland, Uk and rest of the world caused the accent of younger population to drift towards central Scotland
Heavily rhotic
Common vocalization of L
Uvularisation
Common qualities to some accents
Rhoticity
Language is rhotic when r is distinctly pronounced as in Scots, Welsh English, Irish and Northern Irish and American English
Stress
Can be a major problem for foreign learners
Strong and weak syllables, only strong ones are accented
Strong syllable
Long vowel center or diphthong, with or without a following consonant; short vowel followed by at least one consonant
Weak syllable: has a center with a schwa, I, or u; syllabic consonants always in weak syllables, unstressed
Nouns and verbs: tendency to stress closer to the beginning of the word, verbs stress is closer to the word;
Unstressed syllables: - ful, -ing, -es, -ness, -able/-ible, -ness, -ous, -ment;
In compound words - some with stress on first word; hairbrush, typewriter, sunshine etc;
West Midlands - Liverpool - Manchester
West Midlands is an area in the middle of England but close to Wales - Birmingham, Wolverhampton, Stoke, Walsall
No foot strut, ing is in, some of the dipthongs are really different from RP
Ei and ou become ai and au
One is /wan/ but won is /wun/m while they're homophones in RP
H dropped - not pronounced
Glottal stop is very frequent especially in younger speakers
Frequent double negative
Past simple of come is come
Lexis and use of language
Summat = Something
The lad, the wife = my son, my wife
Was = past tense to all persons
Liverpool
Large port city - influx of Irish people in 19th and 20th century, also influx of people from North Wales
No strut foot, but cook becomes k:uk
Same a in dance and daft (no long a)
Always used ɜ: phoneme
Initial dh may become d
R takes place of t mid phrase - ex. gerajob (get a job)
Done is past simple to all persons
Ing is ink, but thing and singer have the North Western ing
Manchester
Very different, no Irish influence
Closer to Lancashire
No foot strut, frequent h dropping
T is glottalised in intervocalic and pre consonant: get out of - ge'ou'of
Th fronted (becomes t)
Strongly nasal
Welsh English
Wales
2 or 3 national languages
Welsh used until Act of Union, then English imposed as official language
1960s: adult speakers of Welsh also spole English
1993: Welsh language act
There had to be an equal number of English and Welsh schools
Welsh becomes compulsory
North Walian - South Walian
Influenced by Welsh and varieties of the adjacent regions - West Country in South Wales, Marches in central, North West in the North
Pontypridd
South Wales
Influence from Welsh
Intonation pattern is noticeable
Post vocalic r - pronounced with alveolar tap of the tongue
Tip of tongue makes rapid tap on alveolar ridge
Characteristics
H usually absent - j inserted after dropping h: here becomes /jiar/
Short a - dance and daft pronounced the same way
No a and schwa distinction - putt becomes p't
Ew words or initial u: iu not jiu
Blew is bliu
Single consonant sounds - as if doubled: city is citty
Ei and ou shorter - similar to I: and o:
ae goes to a: -> back becomes bank
3: is pronounced with rounded lips similar to Scandinavian ø
de voicing of some consonants: b is p, g is k, d is t
Aspirated p t k - initial position but also final before a pause
u: is short u
Sing song prosody
Predicate fronting - Welsh she was (object before predicate)
Periphrastic verb phrases - She do go to the cinema every week
Lexis
nai - grandmother
taid - grandfather
twp - stupid
South West
Bristol
Characters
No a or schwa
Tendency to add an L at the end of a word if ending in schwa - dying in young speakers
No long a
Retroflex rhoticity - tip of tongue back towards hard palate
Centring diphthongs - retroflex rhoticity
Fronting of th to f
Ei and ou are pronounced "wider"
Ing is in
Some short vowels are longer
Southampton
Traditionally rhotic - younger people no more
Ai may b e oi
Features from both South East and South West
Some tendency to front th to f - Glottal stop for t
ia and ea - i: and 3:
Devon
Similarities to Bristol but: older dialect with less influence, rural - considered country bumpkin but attractive to some
Characters
ei is e - face is fe:s
ou is o: or u: - local is lu:kl and don't is do:nt
U: is front closer to Y
Voicing of unvoiced fricatives in initial - f is v, th is dh, s is z, sh is zh
Devon
Ireland
Northern Ireland - Belfast
Ulster
3 languages - Ulster Scots (Ullans), Gaelic, English
Influence of Lowland Scots, West Midlands, South West England
Characters
Rhotic
Post vocalic r - retroflex approximant but with tip of tongue pulled further back
Rising tones on statements - no falling tones of Standard English
Vowels similar to Scottish - short before p t k tsh and long before others
Au close to ai - stereotypical to Northern Irish
Also: ai close to 3i
Ing is in
H not fronted
Inter vocal dh often disappears
i: lengthens almost to ei -> meat and mate are homophones
"reverse" foot strut
some RP u words have /\ -> wood becomes wad
Syntax
Hot news perfect tense: refer to situations or events happened in the recent past -> a young man's only after getting shot out there
Northern Subject Rule: use of -s ending for verbs with plural subjects under certain conditions -> verb is not close to the personal pronoun -> they sing and dances - My parents know the Keenans
For to infinitives - used for purpose
Tag phrases: so it is, so it was, so she did
aye - yes
quale - very
wain - child
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Different state
Plantation - 16th 17th century - English population to take over the Ulster population
Part of Uk as of Government of Ireland Act - 1921
Dublin
Irish English - no Scottish influences
Rhotic post vocalic r - similar to Bristol: tip of tongue bends towards hard palate - RP centring dipthongs ia, ea, ua, become i ɻ, e ɻ, ,u ɻ
Dh is d and th is t
Syntax and Lexis
Hot news perfect tense: used to refer to situations in the recent past - she is after spilling milk
Habitual do + be/bees
She does be reading books, the boys bees up late at night (for habits); also -s for 1st person singular
Clefting: it's to Glasgow he's going
For to infinitives (purpose)
he went to Dublin for to buy a car
O is a and O: is a:
Ai becomes oi - while is woil
Ei and eu shorter - almost monopthongs
A is rather than e in any
Not present 3: replaced by short vowels with r -> firm - f3:rm becomes firm
H is prononunced
Aspirated p t k (like in Welsh)
Note: in Wales, Northern Ireland, Ireland and Scotland there's an indigenous language that's not ENGLISH
Cymru - Wales
Gaelic and Scots - Scotland
Northern Ireland - Ullans
Ireland - Irish
