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10 LEXIS. CHARACTERISTICS OF ENGLISH WORD FORMATION: PREFIXATION,…
10
LEXIS. CHARACTERISTICS OF ENGLISH WORD FORMATION: PREFIXATION, SUFFIXATION AND COMPOUNDING
English Lexis and word formation
: morphosyntactic analysis of language
Inflectional morphology
: grammatical categories (aspect, case, gender, mood, number, person, tense, voice)
Derivational morphology
: word formation
Conversion
: change in the syntactic function
Compounding
: two or more bases together
Affixation
: prefixation and suffixation
Other processes of word formation: reduplication, clipping, blending, acronym, borrowing, loan translation
The morpheme
: smallest unit of meaning. Allomorphs. Free vs bound
Affixation
: combining a base with other linguistic signs to convey different meanings
Prefixation
: adding a prefix to a stem. Lexical function
Prefixes of time and order
: fore-, pre-, ex-, post-, proto-, re-
Numer prefixes
: uni-, mono-, di-, bi-, tri-, multi-, poly-
Prefixes of attitude
: anti-, counter, co-, pro-
Other prefixes: auto-, neo-, semi-, vice-
Prefixes of degree/size, locative prefixes
: ante-, arch-, hyper-, mini-, out-, over-, sub-, super-, sur-, ultra-, under-
Negative prefixes
: il-, im-, ir-, in-, mis-, a-, de-, dis-, un-, mal-, non-, pseudo-
Suffixation
: adding a suffix to a root. Grammatical function
Suffixes that form adjectives
Adj. + suffix: -ish
Verb + suffix: -able, -ible
Noun + suffix: -ish, -like, -ly, -y, -proof, -ic, -al, -ar, -ful, -less
Suffixes that form adverbs
: -ly, -wards, -wise
Suffixes that form nouns
Adj. + suffix: -dom, -ity, -ness
Noun + suffix: -hood, -ship, -let, -ster, -y
Verb + suffix: -er, -or. -ion, -ment, -al, -age, -ant, -ee, -ing
Suffixes that form verbs
: -en, -ify, -ise/-ize
Compounding
: putting two or more words together in order to get a third word. Hyphenated, written as one word or as different words
Adjective compounds
: n/adj/adv+participle (
mouth watering, hand made), n+adj (
homesick
), adj+adj (
deaf-mute, bittersweet*)
Verb compounds
: n+v (
baby-sit, pickpocket
), v+v (
hearsay, make-believe
), adj/adv/prep+v (
deepfreeze, downcast
)
Noun compounds
: n+v (
sunrise, headache
), n+n (
girlfriend, snowflake
) , adj.+n (
blackboard
)
Other types of compounds: reduplicatives, creation of new words (prepositions, conjunctions, adverbs, pronouns, numerals, indefinites)
Conversion
: assigning the base to a different word class without changing the form. Change in the syntactic function
Adj > Verb
comic, a comic
Noun > Verb
dry, to dry
Verb > Noun
to walk, a walk