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Qualitative Research Methods, Assumptions of Qualitative Designs, Why…
Qualitative Research Methods
Qualitative research is an inquiry process of understanding based distinct methodological traditions of inquiry that explore a social or human problem.
The researcher builds a complex, holistic picture, analyzes words, reports detailed views of informants, and conducts the study in a natural setting.
• The nature of the research question (often starts with how or what) guides research design
• The topic reeds to be explored; presented as a detailed view of the topic
• To study the human experience
• To study individuals in their natural settings
• Conceptualization of a phenomenon
• To develop theory
• Particularly suitable for research questions of social scientist, behavioral scientists and nurse scientists
Qualitative researchers:
• Are primarily concerned with process rather than outcomes
• Are interested in meaning
Qualitative research
• Involves fieldwork
• Is descriptive
• Is inductive
Historiography or biography
Systematic compilation of of data; critical presentation, evaluation and interpretation of facts regarding people, events and other occurrences of the past
Sources of data include written or video documents, interviews of persons who withessed phenomenon, photographs, other lartifacts
Biography (life story/history) indudes interviews and facts found in records, daciuments and archival materia
Ethnography
A description and interpretation of a cultural of social group or system
Goal is to understand the "emic" (insiders) view of the study participants world
Data gathering involves participant observation or immersion in the setting, interviews, photographs and films and interpretation by researcher of cultural patterns
Field work is major focus of method
Grounded theory
Study that generates or discovers a theory that relates to a particular situation
Based on symbolic interaction; meanings individuals give to interaction with others in a social setting in response to life circumstances
Data gathering involves interviews and observation of individuals interacting in a social setting
Generated theory explained in text and schematic model
Theories grounded in data
Phenomenology
Study that describes the meaning of the lived experiences of individuals about a concept or phenomenon
Researchers perspective is bracketed; set aside personal bias
Data involves query through written responses or extensive dialog (interviews) with participants
Themes are synthesized to describe dimensions of the lived experience
Demonstrated when a researcher can clearly follow the decision trail of the research team and arrive at similar or comparable conclusions.
In-depth observational, methodological and theoretical field notes provide an audit trail
Qualitative research is credible when participants recognize the researcher’s descriptions and interpretations as their experiences
In-depth field notes describe researcher thoughts, decisions and analysis
Analysis by a research team
Participant validation of transcribed interview, summary of interview and/or study findings
Findings cannot into contexts other than found in this study and are well grounded in the data
Research team continually actions if analytical interpretations communicate the meanings of the raw data
Excerpts of narratives as exemplars in findings
Technique for making inferences by systematically and objectively identifying special characteristics of message
Any items that can be made into text are amenable to content analysis.
Criteria of selection for material included/excluded from analysis set up prior to analysis
Manifest and latent content analysis
Coding, thematic analysis; tallying responses and descriptive statistics
Used in qualitative and quantitative analysis
Assumptions of Qualitative Designs
Why conduct qualitative research?
Reliability (Auditability)
Internal Validity (Credibility)
External Validity (Fittingness)
Content Analysis