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Attachments - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Meta-analysis of 32 studies of attachment
      - Findings
        
        Insecure-avoidant attachments were observed most commonly in Germany and least commonly in Japan
        
        Japan=Collectivist culture encouraged to be with family, may live with people outside of immediate family eg. grandparents
        
        Germany=Individualist culture encouraged to be separate from family and more independent
        
        Variations greater within the same country.
        
        Insecure-resistant is least common attachment type.
- - - - Preference for human company. Ability to distinguish between people but comforted indiscriminately.
  - - - Infants show a preference for one caregiver, displaying separation and stranger anxiety. The baby looks to particular people for security, comfort and protection.
  - - - Similar responses to objects and people. Preference for faces/eyes.
  - - - Attachment behaviours are displayed towards several different people eg. siblings, grandparents, etc
- - - - Childcare practices improved. Taking care of physical needs (food) is not sufficient enough, they also need comfort.
      - Ethical issues=inflicted suffering on monkeys and caused long term damage to social behaviour.
- - - - The interaction between a caregiver and an infant is a 2 way process. The behaviour of the infant elicits a response from the caregiver and vice versa. They take turns to maintain interaction
    - - When the infant and caregiver mirror each others behaviours
  - - - Infants form attachment with mother in first 7 months and approximately 18 months with Father (secondary attachment)
    - - The quality of the fathers play with infants was related to the quality of adolescent attachments. Fathers have have a different role in attachment one that is more to do with play and stimulation and less to do with nurturing.
    - - research suggests that when fathers do take on the role of being the main caregiver they adopt behaviours that have been associated with mothers.
- - - - Strengthens attachment. Infant is positively reinforced to cry because the caregiver will provide milk which is rewarding. Mother is negatively reinforced to feed the infant to avoid distressing sound of the infant crying. Over time as the social interaction of feeding is repeated an attachment is reinforced.
    - - Caregiver becomes associated with food. Before conditioning milk/food is (unconditioned stimulus) elicits pleasures for the infant (unconditioned response).The mother (a neutral stimulus) becomes associated with the food and eventually becomes the conditioned stimulus which gives the unconditioned response of pleasure. The infant will continue to seek out social interactions with the mother because she alone makes them feel pleasure.
  - - - Babies use signals (social releasers) such as crying or smiling to attract the carer to look after them and through these interactions an attachment establishes and is maintained.
      - The first 2.5 years of life are a critical period for attachment to develop. If an infant does not form an attachment in this time, they may never be able to form a secure attachment.
    - - The internal working model is a schema of relationships. It is created through the early relationship with the infant’s primary attachment figure. The kind of relationship that is experienced creates future expectations which mould the way a person behaves with friends, parents and their own children.
    - - Bowlby’s idea of monotropy is an attachment to a single specific caregiver and this relationship is more important than all the rest.
- - - - followed group 165 Romanian orphans adopted in Britain to test what good care could make up for in poor early experiences in institutions.
    - - Mean IQ before 6 months adoption =102
      - Mean IQ after 6 months adoption=86
  - - - Affectionate towards people they know well or who are strangers that they just met. Rutter (2006) explained that disinhibited attachment is and adaption to living with multiple caregivers during the sensitive period for attachment formation. In poor quality institutions like those in Romania a child might have 50 carers none of those whom they see enough to form a secure attachment.
    - - damage to intellectual development, can be recovered provided adoption takes place before the age of 6 months.
- - - - Analysed 620 replies to 'love quiz' printed in an American local newspaper. The quiz had 3 sections. The first assessed respondents' current or most important relationship. The second part assessed general love experiences such as number of partners. The third section assessed attachment type by asking respondents to choose which of the three statements best described their feelings.
    - - 56% of respondents were identified as securely attached with 25% insecure-avoidant and 19% insecure-resistant. Those reporting secure attachments were the most likely to have good and longer lasting romantic experiences. The avoidant respondents tended to reveal jealousy and fear of intimacy. These findings suggest that patterns of attachment behaviour are reflected in romantic relationships.
    - - Related problem concerns the retrospective nature of assessment of infant attachment. Looking back in adulthood at one's early relationship to a primary attachment figure probably lacks validity because it relies on accurate recollections.