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Stress - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Accumulation effect A build up of stressors over time leads to the negative effects. Each hassle on its own might not be that stressful but if lots are experienced close together this might lead to an ongoing feeling of stress and therefore the negative effects associated with it. Hassles are often experienced almost daily, for example those associated with work or family, and therefore it is likely that they can be difficult to avoid which will further exacerbate the problem.
      - Amplification It is also possible that chronic stress as a result of life changes makes people more vulnerable to the effects of daily hassles. As the person is already experiencing stress and their resources are deleted, they may find usually minor irritations more difficult to cope with. For example, if someone is going through a divorce they might find it harder to cope with a usually minor work problem. In addition life events can often create hassles, such as someone who is getting divorced having to manage finances and care for children of their own.
      - Lack of social support Fleet et al (1995) asked 320 students to read a story describing an individual who had experienced either a life event or a daily hassle. The student ppts were then asked to rate the amount of social support the person would seek and receive from others. The individuals who had experienced the life events were rated as being more in need of and seeking out more social support from others. Therefore, perhaps one of the reasons daily hassles cause so many issues that we do not seek out or receive adequate social support to deal with them.
- - - - Non-selective beta blockers such as propranolol block adrenaline and noradrenaline in other areas of the body as well as the heart. They block both beta 1 and beta 2 receptors and will therefore effect the heart, kidneys, liver and a number of other areas.
        Selective beta blockers such as atenolol, affect mostly the heart and therefore they have less effect on other parts of the body. They block only beta 1 receptors and as such will affect mostly the heart and cause reduced cardiac output.
  - - - Skills acquisition In this stage clients are helped to acquire coping skills and consolidate those they already have. It is also important that any barriers that might prevent them from being able to use the strategies effectively are removed. Once they have been taught the strategies in a clinical setting they need to be practiced and then generalised to other real life settings to make them more useful.
      - Application In this stage the client will practice applying coping skills to a variety of situations that become increasingly demanding. They will use techniques such as imagery, modelling and role play and are taught to prevent relapse by rehearsing situations in which their stress symptoms might reappear. In particular, they are taught to see relapses as learning opportunities rather than as problems. Booster sessions might also be organised to ensure the techniques are being used appropriately.
      - Conceptualisation In this phase, the relationship is established between the client and trainer. Open questions are used to help increase the clients awareness of the nature and impact their stress and their existing coping strategies and resources. The trainer may also help the client to reconceptualise their problem by breaking down a stressor into smaller and more manageable components.