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crime and deviance - Coggle Diagram
crime and deviance
gender and crime
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Pollak - official statistics underestimate female offending because women are naturally skilled at deceiving people
Heidenson - argues there's just a male bias against women
- evidence from studies show convicted offenders score highly on psychological tests of femininity
Haralambos and Holdorn - review of research found women are more likely to be given caustion, less likely to be taken to court and less likely to be sent to prison when convicted
Stewart - found home offices research suggests whether people are given bail or remanded in custody can be almost entirely explained in terms of the seriousness of the offence
Carlen - control theory - women more likely to become involved in crime if they have little reason to conform - no success and little to loose
Jefferson - criticises Messerschmitt for failing to explain why particular men commit crime rather than others
Messerschmidt - normative masculinity - people struggle to live up to expectation of a 'real male', instead accomplish masculinity in different ways depending on access to power and resources
Winlow - study of bouncers in Sunderland, being a doorman provided opportunities to assert physical prowess - argues masculinity is still important in explaining crime. can gain status in male hierarchies and achieve material success
Katz - studies of masculinity underestimate sheer pleasure and excitement gained from criminal activity
realist criminology
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Wilson and Haag - right realism = critique of sociological theory that failed to solve the problem of crime
Wilson - broken window thesis - unless incivilities are kept minimal, wider anti-sociological behaviour will follow
- 3 key factors affecting long-term crime
Murray - new right - underclass are insufficiently integrated into society
Haag - poor view of humanity, argues it's okay for law and order to target the poor
- advocates for a tough penal system of punishment
Kinsey, Lea and Young - problems with contemporary policing - resort to military policing and alienate selves from society
Young - social change and crime - greater uncertainty and the need to immediate and personal pleasure are making crime worse
ethnicity and crime
Philips and Bowling - evidence suggests after one arrest minority ethnic groups are more likely to remain silent and deny the offence - suggests they're more likely to be arrested for crime's they haven't committed
Lea and Young - left-realist approach - argue stats reflect real crime rates that are a result of racism in British society. deprivation and marginalisation exists so it would be surprising if there weren't higher levels of crime
Gilroy - anti-racist approach - police stereotyping and racist labelling is the cause of statistical differences
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