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BLOOD TESTS - Coggle Diagram
BLOOD TESTS
F
ULL
B
LOOD
C
OUNT
W
HITE
B
LOOD
C
ELL
COUNT
total number in blood
LYMPHOCYTES
type of WBC
make antibodies
Raised in
viral infections
some myelomas
= 'The Police'
NEUTROPHIL
type of WBC
respond to tissue damage
via C-reactive protein (CRP)
Raised in
bacterial infections
autoimmune conditions
= 'The fire engine'
MONOCYTE
type of WBC
infiltrates tissue in systemic bacterial infections
linked to
CV disease & high Low-Density Lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL)
= 'The Miner'
BASOPHIL
type of WBC
important in allergic response
& hypersensitivity
EOSINOPHIL
type of WBC
important in allergic response
& hypersensitivity**
BLAST/ATYPICAL
type of dysfunctional WBC
Raised in
leukaemia & myelomas
HAEMOGLOBIN
(Hb)
oxygen carrying protein in RBC
Decreased in
anaemia
Elevated in
polycythaemia
HAEMATOCRIT
(Hct)
% of RBCs in whole blood
Decreased in
anaemia
Elevated in
polycythaemia
R
ED
B
LOOD
C
ELL
COUNT
total number in blood count
Decreased in
anaemia
Elevated in
polycythaemia
M
EAN
C
ELL
V
OLUME
average size of RBC
Low in
iron deficiency anaemia
Normal in
blood loss anaemia
High in
folate & B12 deficient anaemia
PLATELET
cause blood to clot
marker for bone marrow function
decreased in some leukaemia & myelomas
Addition Test
M
ean
P
latelet
V
olume (
MPV
)
INFLAMMATORY
MARKERS
P
LASMA
V
ISCOSITY
measure of "stuff" in the blood
surrogate, non-specific
marker of inflammation
Increased in
autoimmune conditions
infections
cell damage
cancer
myelomas
can remain raised of 2 weeks
lifespan of WBC
'The traffic jam due to fire engines
& police (WBCs)
E
RYTHROCYTE
S
EDIMENTATION
R
ATE
speed of fall of RBCs in tube
surrogate, non-specific,
marker of inflammation which
elicited fibrinogen response
fibrinogen 'sticks' RBCs together
become heavier & fall more quickly
can be low in some low damage inflammation
eg some autoimmune conditions
can remain raised for some time, post-event
'The scaffold & building support following large fire
C
-
R
EACTIVE
P
ROTEIN
chemo-attractive protein
released by tissue damage
can miss CRP response
even when raised PV A & EST
sensitive marker for CV risk
(via atherosclerotic vascular damage)
UREA & ELECTROLYTES
(U&E's)
KIDNEY FUNCTION
SODIUM Na
extracellular electrolyte
controls water balance
& blood pressure
Raised in
dehydration
POTASSIUM K
intracellular electrolyte
controls cellular pumps
& receptors
via electrical potential
Red flag
if high concentration in blood
UREA
marker of
acute renal dysfunction
eg distress,
or dehydration - check Na levels
CREATININE
marker of
chronic renal dysfunction
eg renal stone
eG
LOMERULAR
F
ILTRATION
R
ATE
general marker of
kidney function
Used to
diagnose chronic kidney disease stage
confirm renal dysfunction as cause of
eg renal anaemia
L
IVER
F
UNCTION
T
ESTs
ALANINE
AMINOTRANSFERASE
(ALT)
liver enzyme
Raised often in
trauma
drug toxicity
viral hepatitis
ASPARTATE
AMINOTRANSFERASE (AST)
liver enzyme
Raised often in
trauma
acute alcohol hepititis
liver failure
Also found in heart
cardiac marker/chest pain
GAMMA-GLUTAMYL
TRANSFERASE (CGT)
liver enzyme
Raised often in
following alcohol
Check
RBC, MCA & folate
differentiate
alcohol
B12
diabetes neuropathies
ALKALINE
PHOSPHATASE
liver enzyme
Increased often in
biliary tree damage eg Gallstones
Also found in
bone - check Ca
kidney - check U&Es
placenta - check age & gender
AMYLASE
liver enzyme
Increased often in
pancreatitis
pancreatic tumours
BILIRUBIN
Marker for 'plumbing'
of liver
Increased in
jaundice
usually pre-actual
or post-hepatic blockage
UROBILINOGEN
Bilirubin breakdown product
usually absent in
post-hepatic blockage
ALBUMIN
protein produced by liver
chaperone for chemicals eg Ca
can give low value in
nutrient deficient patients
Decreased in
liver damage
GLOBULIN
Crude marker of antibody
production/presence
Increased often in
autoimmune conditions
myelomas
viral infection
ADDITIONAL
TESTS
D-DIMER
breakdown product of clot
link to DVT
link to PE
refer to NICE guidelines (UK)
I
NTERNATIONAL
N
ORMALISED
R
ATIO
time for clot to form
1 is baseline value = normal
2 = twice as long to clot
Increases in
anti-coagulant therapy
liver disease
BENCE JONES
PROTEIN
breakdown product of 'nonsense' antibody
usual present in myeloma
BONE
PROFILE
Usually returns
Ca
PTHA
Vit D
Helps differentiate
osteomalacia (Rickets)
Paget's disease
osteoporosis
P
ROSTATE
S
PECIFIC
A
NTIGEN
released by prostate
relative to damage
slightly raised may not mean cancer
Linked to
urea
Alkaline Phosphate
Ca (secondary bone metastasis)
CA-125
marker for
ovarian cancer
THYROID
FUNCTION
Measures
Thyroxine (T4)
Thyrotrophic Releasing Hormone (TRH)
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
to diagnose
primary, secondary or tertiary
hypothyroidism (or hyperthyroidism)
Also used
titre T4 supplements
AUTOIMMUNE
MARKERS
rheumatoid factor (for rheumatoid arthritis)
HLAB27 (for ankylosing spondylitis)
For pernicious anaemia
intrinsic factor
parietal cell antibody
HAEMAGLOBIN
with
GLUCOSE
irreversibly
bound
HbA1C
Used in Diabetes Mellitus
long term marker for glucose excess
ACID BASE pH
BICARBONATE
Monitor for
respiratory (COPD) disease
metabolic acidosis/alkalosis
(drug overdose)
FERRITIN
(IRON)
FOLATE B12
Nutrient markers
used with RBC, Hb, MCV
Low MCV - usually low ferratin
(high ferratin in Haemochromatosis)
High MCV - usually low folate/low B12
Low folate - from
alcolhol
drug interactions
diet
GI conditions
Low B12
GI conditions
diet
pernicious anaemia
TROPONINS
creatine kinase mb
(CKmb)
B-Type Natriuretic Peptide
(BNP)
Cardiac event markers
Troponins & CKmb
proteins in cardiac tissue
high concentrations following
cardiac event
BNP
peptide in cardiac wall
increased levels may be
ventricular wall load dysfunction
& predispose to cardiac event