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(CHAPTER 7) POLICY IMPLEMENTATION, Methods/Techniques for Policy …
(CHAPTER 7) POLICY IMPLEMENTATION
Policy Implementation
Purpose
To make people to do things
To refrain people from doing things
To bring about compliace & control
To make people continue to do things
Meaning
(Political Science) referes to the carrying out of public policy
Legislatures pass laws that are then carried out by public servants working in bureaucratic agencies
(Implementation) the realization, application or execution of a plan, idea, model, design, specification, standard, algorithm or policy
Policy Implementation Process
(3) Agency Enforcement Actions
(4) Outputs
(2) Agency Rules & Regulations
(5) Outcome
(1) Statute
Actors and Agencies
Courts
Interprete public laws and legislation
Control behavior and actions of agencies and officers
Interest Groups
Build close relationship to influence the implementation of policy
Directly participate in policy implementation
Surround the administrative agencies
Legislature
Implement policy by ensuring specific law for putting policies into effect are followed
Determine the agencies discretion by specifying/approving the uses fund for specific policy program
Do not develop precise guidelines due to lack of time, interest & information to do so
Have authoritive power to exercise control over what have been done by the administrative agencies in implanting policies
Community Organizations
Various adversely boards are drown from community organization
Involve in policy implementation (local level)
Bureaucracy
Decide rules & procedures for implementation & carried them out
Officers of administrative agencies
Licensing
Control techniques involve an enabling actions.
As government authorization to engage in certain activities which might otherwise forbid.
Example: the issuance of a driving license to drivers.
Advantages/Disadvantages
Sources of revenue
Demand high political support
Aids (Loan and Subsidy)
For controlling and bringing policy compliances
Example: under the agricultural prices support policy programs, commodity loans and payment are available only to those who comply with production and marketing control policy.
Farmers loans for purchasing farms are made under condition.
Advantages/Disadvantages
Increases government expenditure
Useful for restructuring wealth
Inspection
To check whether the implementation follow the standards prescribed in policy or not.
May be continuos or periodical in nature.
To reveal the level of policy compliance by those involved in an activity, with objective of corrections in the implementation processes.
Advantages/Disadvantages
Costly
High compliance
Contracting
For controlling private organizations: they must comply
Contains some requirements and violators of these requirements can be denied of continuation of implementing present policy program or future ones.
Advantages/Disadvantages
Increase efficiency in service delivery
Reduce government expenditure
Private provide services at cost
Government Expenditure
The uses of government expenditure to resolve economic problem
Inflation: Cut government expenditure for some program
Government may push more fund tp foster domestic and local industries development
Advantages/Disadvantages
Economic activities are more stable (encourage new entry to market)
Public depedency on goverment intervention is high.
Will arise burdens to the gorvernment
Problem (constraints) in implementing policy
Time constraint
Most policy that been implemented is only for a short period of time
policy makers do not able to screen out the effectiveness of the policy. Lack of concentration may lead to negative outcomes.
Costly
Policy proposed needs high allocation from the government.
The investment to the policy may not convincing the government to get the Return On Investment
Authoritative decision
Deals with the bureaucratic system exist in the political institution
'Redundancy' of making the decision and from who the decision should get is the problem
Redundancy happen because of the policy makers and which party will implement the policy.
Non-supportive action from the opposition parties
'Political influence' arises among the interest and pressures group
the groups are trying to lobby the society about the misconception about policy introduced
Lobbying process is involving the group of people which try to change the societies mentality and perception about government
'Infinity' objectives
The ability and effort taken to make the realization of the policy
Policy makers may face variable challenges on the policy itself due to many obstacles and barriers occurs
Government must have 'targeted goals' to achieve the objectives of the policy
approaches of policy implementation and their advantages and disadvantages
Approaches
Top down approach
Advantages
Clear and consistent goals
knowledge of pertinent cause and effects
Clear hierarchy of authority
Rules established at the top and policy is aligned with the rules
Resources/ capacity to carry out the command from the top
Disadvantages
Fails to consider the significance of actions taken earlier in the policy-making process
Ignore or eliminate the political aspects of implementation. The legislation often requires ambiguous language and contradictory goals in order to gain enough votes for passage
Top-down approach see the statute framers as key actors, compared to lower level officials.
Bottom-up approach
Advantages
Empower grass root to think more creatively.
Solutions are driven more by practical requirements than abstract notions as in the case of top down approach.
Disadvantages
Street-level bureaucrats are usually not accountable to the people.
Bottom-upper ignore the fact that many policies are created in top-down manner, and likely in a manner which reinforces top-down authority.
Procedural approach
Advantages
Clearly articulate roles and responsibilities.
Describes in detail the process or steps to be taken in order to implement a policy.
Mandatory to follow.
Disadvantages
Action/behavior deviate from procedure if they are not well understood/difficult to follow.
Resulted to rigid process of decision making and actions.
Methods/Techniques for Policy
Implementation