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CHAPTER 7: POLICY IMPLEMENTATION - Coggle Diagram
CHAPTER 7: POLICY IMPLEMENTATION
Approaches of Policy Implementation
Top Down ( Carrying the policy by decision)
Clear and consistent goals—articulated at the top of the hierarchical environment,
Knowledge of pertinent cause and effects,
Clear hierarchy of authority,
Rules established at the top and policy is
Aligned with the rules,
Resources / capacity to carry out the commands from the top
ADVANTAGES
Top-down approach see the “statute framers as key actors,” compared to lower level officials
Ignore or eliminate the political aspects of implementation. The legislation “often requires ambiguous language and contradictory goals” in order to gain enough votes for passage
Fails to consider the significance of actions taken earlier in the policy-making process
DISADVANTAGES
Bottom - up (Lower level officials directly involves in designing implementation goals, activities and strategies)
ADVANTAGES
Empower grass root to think more creatively.
Solutions are driven more by practical requirements than abstract
Notions as in the case of top down approach.
DISADVANTAGES
Street-level bureaucrats are usually not accountable to the people.
Bottom-uppers ignore the fact that many policies are created in a top-down manner, and likely in a manner which reinforces top-down authority.
Procedural (All of the procedures of policy depends on its organization or government agencies especially involving the policy implementers)
ADVANTAGES
Clearly articulate roles and responsibilities
Describes in detail the process or steps to be taken in order to
Implement a policy.
Mandatory to follow
Procedures will evolve over time in response to internal or external environment change
DISADVANTAGES
Action / behavior deviate from procedure if they are not well understood/difficult to follow
Resulted to rigid process of decision making and actions.
Problem/Constraint in Implementing Policy
TIME CONSTRAINT
Lack concentration of the policy may contribute to the negative outcomes
Most of the policy been implemented only for a short period of time
COSTLY
Making the policy needs high allocation from the government
Therefore, proper budget for the proper policy will be appropriately introduced in the future
AUTHORITATIVE DECISION
It deals with the bureaucratic system exist within the political institution
This is due to the policy and which party will be implementing the policy
NON-SUPPORTIVE ACTION FROM THE OPPOSITION PARTIES
The political influence always arise among the interest and pressure group
The groups within organization might trying to lobby the society about the misconception of policy whenever it is introduced.
Lobbying process is involving the group of people which is the opposition group that ty to change societies mentality and perception of government.
INFINITY (OBJECTIVES)
It explains about the ability and the effort taken to make realization of policy
Due to the many obstacles and barriers occur, the policy makers faces variable of challenges on policy
In order to achieve the objectives of the policy, the government must have the targeted goals within a certain period of time
Policy Implementation
Actors & Agencies
Legislature
implement policy by ensuring specific law for putting policies into effect
Courts
Courts interpreted public laws and legislation
Courts control behavior and actions of agencies and officers
Pressure groups
build relationship which can become so close to influence the implementation of policy
Community organizations
involve in policy implementation especially at the local level.
Bureaucracy
decides rules and procedures for implementation and carried them out
Methods/Techniques
Inspection - control and to check whether the implementation follow the standards prescribed in policy or not
Costly.
High compliance
Licensing -Control techniques involve an enabling actions
Sources of revenue
Demand high political support
Aids (Loan and Subsidy)
technique for controlling and
bringing policy compliances
Increases government expenditure
Contracting - technique for controlling private organizations; they must comply
Increase efficiency in service delivery
Government Expenditure
to resolve economic problem.
Economic activities are more stable
encourage new entry to market
POLICY IMPLEMENTATION
Implementation is the realization, application, or execution of a plan, idea, model, design, specification, standard, algorithm, or policy.
In political science, implementation refers to the carrying out of public policy.
Purpose
To bring about compliance & control
To make people to do things
To refrain people from doing things
POLICY IMPLEMENTATION PROCESS
STATUTE
AGENCY RULES AND REGULATION
Agency Enforcement Action
Output
Outcome
4 ELEMENTS OF POLICY PROCESS
Actors & Agencies
Methods / techniques
Political Support
Procedures