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TOPIC 7: POLICY IMPLEMENTATION - Coggle Diagram
TOPIC 7: POLICY IMPLEMENTATION
Meaning of Policy Implementation
In political science, implementation means to carry out public policy.
Purpose
To make people do something
To stop people from doing something
To make people do things continuously
To bring about conformity & regulation
Implementation
realization, application, or execution of a plan
Methods/Techniques for Policy Implementation
Inspection
A mechanism for monitoring and testing whether or not the implementation meets the requirements prescribed in the policy.
Continuous or preodical
This is intended to expose the degree of policy compliance of those participating in an activity in order to address unacceptable conditions in the processes of implementation.
Disadvantage
High compliance
Costly
Licensing
Techniques of control include facilitating behaviour.
Authorization by the government to engage
for such practises that may otherwise be forbidden.
Eg: issuance of driving license
Advantage
Source of revenue
Disadvantage
Demand high political support
Aids (Loan & Subsidy)
technique for controlling and bringing policy compliances
Eg: loans and payment are available only to those who comply with production and marketing control policy.
Advantages:
Increase government expenditure
Restructuring wealth
Contracting
technique to control private organizations
It requires such criteria and violators of these requirements may be refused the continuation of the implementation of current or potential policy programmes
Advantage
Increase efficiency
Reduce government expenditure
Disadvantage
Financially burden is sfhifted to public
Expenditure
The uses of government expenditure to resolve economic problem.
Government may drive more funds to support activities/developments of the domestic and local industries
Advantages
Economic activities are more stable – encourage new entry to market
Disadvantages
Dependency on government intervention will increase
Burdens government
Political Support
necessary (although not sufficient) for implementing policy.
Types
Specific support
a person’s satisfaction with specific
policies and with the performance of the governme
Diffuse support
a person’s conviction that the existence and functioning of the government conform to his or her moral or ethical principles about what is right in the political sphere
Policy Implementation Process
Statute
Agency Rules and Regulations
Agency Enforcement Actions
Output
Input
Policy Implementation Actors and Agencies
Bureaucracy
They decide rules and procedures for implementation
Legislator
Ensuring specific law in policies to be followed
Determine the agencies discretion by approving the users of fund for specific policy program
Legislatives veto gives legislature the authoritative power to exercise control over policies implemented by administrative agencies
Courts
Enforce public laws
Control behavior and actions of agencies and officers
Interpret public laws and legislation
Interest Groups
Build relationships to influence policy implementation
Can directly participate in policy implementing
Community Organizations
Involves policy implementation at local level
Approaches for Policy Implementation
Top Down Approach
Carried out by statute, executive order or court decision
Policy rules and regulations are set at a higher levels in a political process and are then communicated to subordinate levels
Advantages
Clear and consistent goals
Knowledge of pertinent cause and effects
Clear hierarchy of authority
Rules established at the top and policy is aligned with the rules
Disadvantages
Fails to consider the significance of actions taken earlier
Ignore political aspects of implementation
See the "statute framers as key factors"
Bottom Up Approach
Lower level officials involved in designing implementation goals, strategies and actvities
Advantages
Empower grass root
Solutions are driven more by practical requirements than abstract notions
Disadvantages
Street level bureaucrats not accountable to the people
Procedural Approach
Procedures is developed by policy implementers
Procedures describe in detail the policy implementation process
Written in sequential order
Refers to process than results
Advantages
Clearly articulate roles and responsibilities
Describes in detail the steps taken in policy implementation
Mandatory to follow
Disadvantages
Action deviate from procedure if are not well understood
Resulted to rigid process of decision making and actions
Problems in Implementing Policy
Time Constraint = Policies only implemented for a short time, therefore it is not effective.
Costly = Policy implementation needs the government budget allocation in order to operate.
Authoritative Decisions = Bureaucratic system political institutions resulting in redundancy in certain party because the actors involved are unclear.
Decisions not aligned with the Opposition party = every party only focuses on their own interest, therefore they try their best to influence the public to be on the opposition's side.
Infinity Objective = The obstacles and barriers faced by policy makers disrupts the whole purpose of the policy. Therefore, they need to be certain on their goals they want to achieve.