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Topic 7: Policy Implementation - Coggle Diagram
Topic 7: Policy Implementation
Methods / techniques of policy implementation
Inspection
technique to control and to check whether the
implementation follow the standards prescribed in
policy or not.
Advantages/Disadvantages
High compliance
Costly.
Licensing
government authorization to engage
in certain activities which might otherwise forbid.
Advantages/Disadvantages
Sources of revenue
Demand high political support
Aids (Loan and Subsidy)
technique for controlling and bringing policy compliances
Advantages/Disadvantages
Increases government expenditure
Useful for restructuring wealth / benefit to public
Contracting
technique for controlling private organizations;
they must comply
Advantages/Disadvantages
Increase efficiency in service delivery
Reduce government expenditure
Private provide services at cost – financial burden
is shifted to public
Government Expenditure
government expenditure to resolve
economic problem.
Advantages/Disadvantages
Economic activities are more stable – encourage
new entry to market
Public dependency on government intervention is
high
Burdens government
Policy implementation process
Statute
Agency Rules & Regulations
Agency Enforcement Actions
Outputs
Outcome
Involves 4 Elements:
Actors & Agencies
Procedures
Methods/ Techniques
Political Support
Policy Implementation
As a general concept policy implementation can be defined as the third stage of policy cycle its means the stage of the policy process immediately after the passage of a law, or the action that will be taken to put the law into effect or that the problem will be solved. Implementation, viewed most broadly means administration of the law in which various actors, organization, procedures, and techniques work together to put adopted policies into effect in an effort to attain policy or program goals
Implementation can be also defined in terms of outputs, or the extent to which programmatic goals are supported or perused, like the level of expenditures that committed to the programs.
Approaches for Policy Implementation
Top down
Top-down implementation is the carrying out of a policy decision—by statute, executive order, or court decision
Policy rules and regulations are set at higher levels in a political process and are then communicated to subordinate levels which are then charged with the technical, managerial, and administrative tasks of putting policy into practice.
In a federal system - The top-level officials at the federal level establish policy rules and regulation & working a way down to state and local level
Advantages
clear and consistent goals—articulated at the top of the hierarchical environment,
knowledge of pertinent cause and effects,
clear hierarchy of authority,
rules established at the top and policy is aligned with the rules,
resources / capacity to carry out the commands from the top
Disadvantages
fails to consider the significance of actions taken earlier in the policy-making process
ignore or eliminate the political aspects of implementation. The legislation “often requires ambiguous language and contradictory goals” in order to gain enough votes for passage
top-down approach see the “statute framers as key actors,” compared to lower level officials
Bottom up
The lower level officials at the local or state are directly involved in designing implementation goals, strategies, and activities. It is because they are among the factors that affect the policy implementations
Advantages
Empower grass root to think more creatively.
Solutions are driven more by practical requirements than abstract
notions as in the case of top down approach.
Disadvantages
street-level bureaucrats are usually not accountable to the people. In this case, the local agents may intentionally subvert the elected officials’ policy goals and engage personal sub goals
Bottom-uppers ignore the fact that many policies are created in a top-down manner, and likely in a manner which reinforces top-down authority.
Procedural
Government focuses on procedure to implement policy
Procedure refers to the process rather than the result
Procedures are written in sequential order at a relatively high level and assign responsibilities.
Procedures describe in detail the process to implement a policy.
Procedures is developed by policy implementers (administrative agencies)
Procedures define how the organization / government agencies wants to do it
Advantages
clearly articulate roles and responsibilities
describes in detail the process or steps to be taken in order to implement a policy
Mandatory to follow
Procedures will evolve over time in response to internal or external environment changes.
Disadvantages
Action / behavior deviate from procedure if they are not well understood/difficult to follow
Resulted to rigid process of decision making and actions.
Problems & constraints of policy implementation
Time constraint
Policy implemented for only a short period of time
Thus, policy maker does not able to screen out the effectiveness of the policy
Lack concentration = Negative outcomes
Costly
Policy needs high allocation from the government
Investment to policy may not be convincing to the government ROI
Proper budget for policy will be introduced
Non-supportive action from the opposition parties
Political influence comes from interest and pressure groups
Groups tries to lobby the society about misconception of policy introduced
Lobbying is the process of involving groups of people try to change the societies mentality and perception about government
Authoritative decision
Deals with bureaucractic system
Problems : Redundancy in decision making
Due to who makes the policy and which party will implement policy
Infinity Objectives
Explains ability and effort taken to make the realization of the policy
Policy makers may face variable challenges on the policy itself due to many obstacles and barriers occured
To achieve the objectives of policy, government must have "targeted goals" on certain period of time
Actors & Agencies
Bureaucracy
Those who participated in the legislative process do not develop precise guideline due to lack of time
Offices administrative are called bureaucracy
Legislature
Legislators implement policy by ensuring specific law for putting policies into effect are followed
They determine the agencies discretion by specifying the uses of fund for specific policy program
Legislatives veto gives legislature the authoritative power to exercise control over what have been done by the administrative agencies
Courts
Most of the public laws are enforced by the judicial branch of the government
Courts interpreted public laws and legislation
Courts control behavior and actions of agencies and officers
Pressure Groups
Administrative agencies are surrounded by interest groups.
They build relationship which can become so close to influence the implementation of policy
Can directly participate in policy implementing
Community organizations
The organization always involve in policy implementation at the local level
Various adversely boards are drown from community organizations
Actively involve in policy program implementation