Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Cell Theory, organelles shared by animal and plant cells, Cell growth,…
Cell Theory
Functions of life
homeostasis
Reproduction
Growth
Sensitivity
Nutrition
Excretion
Metabolism
Coveats
More than 1 nuclei
skeletal muscle
fungi hyphae
large unicellular organism
giant algae
factor that limits cell size/SA:Vol ratio
rate of metabolism (Vol)
rate of material exchange (SA)
As cell develops, SA:Vol decreases
gas & material/waste exchange
heat exchange
Increasing SA:Vol
Division of cytoplasm
Ruffled structure called villi
Microvilli
Pseudopodia
lack nuclei
Red blood cell
Cells are the basic units of life
Unicellular organisms carry out all functions of life
Paramecium
Cilia for movement/sensitivity
feeding groove called cytostome for nutrition
small vacoules with enzymes process food for digestion/metabolism
anal pore and contractile vacuoles for excretion
exchange of gases via diffusion for homeostasis
asexual division for reproduction
Scenedesmus
exchange of gases via diffusion for homeostasis
chlorophyll pigments for photosynthesis/metabolism
asexual division for reproduction
unicells/colonies formation for sensitivity
Multicellular cells benefit from emergent properties
Emergent properties: new properties arising from interaction of individual components: synergistic effects
Cells<Tissues<Organs<Organ systems<Organism
Different types of cells: Differentiation required
Differentiation
newly formed cells, more specialized and distinct when mature
identical genome, different activation
gene packaging
euchromatin: loose, accessible
heterochromatin: condensed, not available
Stem cells
qualities
potency
self renewal
types
totipotent
pluripotent
multipotent
unipotent
application
replace damaged or diseased cells
examples
Stargardt's Disease
macular degeneration causing vision loss to blindness
cause: gene mutation imparing energy transport in retinal photoreceptor cells
treat by replacing dead cell in retina
Parkinson's Disease
treat by replace dead nerve cell
leukemia
paraplegia
diabetes type I
burn victims
source
embryos
umbilical cord blood or placenta, costly
certain adult tissue, limited
nuclear reprograming
All living things are composed of cells
Virus not considered alive
identity: DNA/RNA wrapped with protein (capsid)
no metabolism (no mitochondria, ribosome)
no cytoplasm
Require host to survive
Types of organisms
prokaryotes--eubacteria
features
nucleoid/DNA loops
plasmid/circular DNA for horizontal gene transfer
70s ribosomes
peptidoglycan cell wall
slime capsule preventing dessicatiion
flegella
pili for sex
reproduction
binary fission
circular DNA copied
DNA loops attached to membrane
elongation and cytokinesis
eukaryotes
features
nucleus with protein bounded[histone] DNA
complex structure belived obtained from prokaryotic cells
endosymbiosis
prokaryotic cells engulfed through phagocytosis but remained undigested
evidence
double membrane
susceptible to antibiotics
mode of division
naked circular DNA/nucleoid
70s ribosomes
compartmentalized structures called organelles
80s ribosomes
kingdoms
protista
fungi
cell wall made of chitin
plantae
chloroplast
vacuole
cell wall made of cellulose
animalia
lysosomes: exclusive for animal cells
prokaryotes--archaea
All organisms have cell membrane
Cell membrane
phospholipids
hydrophobic fatty acid tail face inwards
hydrophilic head associates with cytosolic and extracellular fluids
properties
amphiphilic
fluidity
semi-premeable
membrane proteins
integral proteins: permanently attached
peripheral proteins: temporaily attached
functions
recognition: glycoprotein
enzymes
attachment /to extracellular matrix
connection /joining cells
transport
signaling
cholesterol
absent in plant cells, animal only
amphiphilic
maintain integrity and mechanical stability of membrane by interaction with fatty acid tails: protein anchoring, reduce fluidity and prevent crystalization
membrane models and theories
Singer Nicolson Model: proteins embedded in bilayer
fluid mosaic model
lopo-protein sandwich Davson Denielli Model: describe protein's position to the bilayer
problems
assume uniform thickness
assume uniform lipid-protein ratio
assume symmetrical surfaces in membrane
not explaining permeability to substances
solidified at temperature different from predicted
falsification
membrane protein insoluble in water and varied in size
fusion experiment for tagged mouse and human cells demonstrates mobility of proteins
freeze fracturing suggests transmembrane protein
evidence
trilaminar appearance under TEM
Gorter Grendel Model: discover bilayer lipid
method
calculate surfae area for RBA
extract and calculate SA of lipid for RBC membrane
2:1 relation suggest lipid bilayer
membrane transport
origin
biogenesis
under current conditions, cell only formed from biogenesis
Louis Pasteus's experiment
broth stored in swan neck ducts, sterilized to kill microorganisms
observe: growth only occured in broth with flask broken open to outside contamination
conclusion: bacterial growth does not occur spontaneously
abiogenesis
Miller Urey Experiment
input: H2, CH4, NH3, H2O[boiled to steam] for reducing atmosphere
electrical discharge [lightning], concentrating component [cool]
output: organic molecules found
generation of membrane, genetic material (RNA), contribution of vents
organelles shared by animal and plant cells
mitochondrion: cristae
peroxisome
centrosome
nucleus
endoplasmic reticulum
golgi apparatus
Cell growth
interphase
G1
organelle duplication
cell growth
transcription/translation
obtain nutrients
cellular respiration
S
DNA replication
G2
important check point
replication of centriole
M phase
mitosis
prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase
cytokinesis (cleavage furrow)
cytokinesis (formation of cell plate)
Cancer cells
factors leading to cancer
mutagen (leading to mutation)
carcinogen (leading to cancer)
SMOKING
genes responsible for cancer cells
inactivation of tumor suppressor gene
protooncogene developed into oncogene via mutation
metastasis: spreading of cancer
G0
temporary or permanent
control of cell cycle: cyclin (exist temporially) and cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)
technology
Observing organisms: microscopes
Light microscopes
natural color
living specimens
relative sizes
Eukaryotic cell Plant>Animal>Organelle>Prokaryotic Cell>Virus>Plasma membrane>Molecules
Electron microscopes
high magnification
high resolution
types
SEM: reflection and bouncing off of electrons
TEM: transmission of electrons through object
somatic cell nuclear transfer
nuclear reprogramming
any+embryonic tissue
any cell
a number of closely related cell
zygote
embryonic stem cells
haematopoeitic adult stem cells
muscle stem cells
no differentiation, with self renewal