PALMER (2014)
2. Listening & Speaking in Classroom Discussion
5. Listening & Speaking in Presentation
3. Listening & Speaking in Reading Instruction
4. Listening & Speaking in Writing Instruction
6. Listening & Speaking as 21st Century Skills
7. Listening & Speaking in Life Beyond School
1. Listening + Speaking = Classroom Communication
At some point, students will be called out to convey information orally.
William Zinsser claims that:
A difficult information to grasp become understandable through writing process.
As the writer need to condense the material into clear, logical and accurate sentences, it becomes part of writer's knowledge.
Presentation goals:
- to impart useful information
- to further understanding
- to engage the whole class
Student can gain insights and learn more about the subject under discussion as they verbalize and listen to others.
Students are more likely to retain the information and be able to retrieve it later.
Discussion enhance understanding.
Discussions also improve intellect and help develop skills of synthesis and integration.
Teachers spend most of the time speaking such as lecture, explain, cajole, answer questions, present and lead discussion.
Oral languages dominates even outside of traditional instructional approaches.
Students spend 50-70 percent of classroom listening to teachers, other students as they present and audio media.
Make sure both the listeners and the speakers being listened to are competent.
It involves both presenter and listeners in critical thinking. In order to understand or describe the theme, plots, and climax of the story.
Read aloud also can demonstrate the enjoyment of reading, it also can expose students to the language and the ways of using it.
Encourage students to read and speak during class can improve their fluency.
Read aloud with inflection, expression, gestures, and explanation indirectly can attract students to read and try to speak.
- Presenting orally requires the same kind of thinking as writing does
- By creating a presentation, it helps presenter gains deeper understanding of the material
"The hard part isn't the writing; the hard part is the thinking. - Zinsser (1988 p.56)
Flipped classroom
Flipped instruction absolutely requires the teacher to command impressive oral communication skills.
Online instruction
Online learners need to have a strong independent listening and media literacy skills.
According to Stanford Business study, verbal fluency and sociability are two most important predicators of success.
Success is likely to depend on how well we can present orally in different mode.
Majority of skills and qualities that employers seek involve listening and speaking.
Encourage students to "steal from one another and use other's good ideas".
sharing an opinion or something they(student) have written is one of the techniques in Writing Instruction.
large-group presentation
small group meetings
in person
online
From this, a teacher can discover the mistake, wrong-sounding verb tense, left-out word, awkward phase, and etc. other students can notice in the writing where the lacks and unclear details.
Listening and speaking in writing also connect with the oral presentation.
where we need to:
- identify the audience and craft a message for the audience.
- define the purpose
- add interesting and relevant content
- organize the content and use transitions
Students must excel in 4 C's
Creators
- Develop the ideas into an effective and creative outcome.
- Trying new approaches to get the best result
Central Thinkers
- Create our own ideas in a new way.
Communication
- Offer feedback and suggestions
- Sharing thoughts, answer questions and give ideas.
Collaborators
- Working together and developing community to reach a goal.