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The Endocrine System, Antagonistic Mechanism, Antagonistic Mechanism,…

- - - - It increases blood pressure and heart beat rate and metabolic rate.
      - There is no one target organ, all organs respond.
      - It stimulates metabolism and influence development and maturation.
      - Disease
        
        Hypothyroidism
        
        The body is not producing enough thyroid hormones
        
        or is not able to utilize existing thyroid hormones properly.
    - - Calcitonin works to control calcium and potassium levels.
      - Disease (lack of calcitonin)
        
        Rachitism
        
        Weak or soft bones in children
      - It does this by inhibiting the activity of the osteoclasts.
      - decreases the resorption of calcium in the kidneys
      - lowers blood calcium levels.
- - - - It decreases the blood glucose level.
      - It works antagonistacally with glucagon to adjust blood glucose level.
      - It increases the permeability of cells to take glucose except brain cells.
      - Disease (lack of insulin)
        
        Type 1 diabetes
        
        Weight loss,dehydration,harm the nerves and small blood vessels in your eyes, kidneys, and heart.
    - - It increases the blood glucose level.
      - It works antagonistacally with insulin to adjust blood glucose level.
      - It functions in conservation of glycogen to glucose into liver.
      - Disease
        
        Hypoglycemia
        
        You need a quick dose of glucagon.
- - - - Estrogen is released from follicle and responsible for maintenance of the female reproductive system.
      - It is secreted at puberty stimulate maturation of ovaries and other sexual organs.
      - It is responsible for development of female secondary sex characteristics.
      - Disease (lack of estrogen)
        
        Symptoms
        
        Weak bones
        
        Infertility
        
        Depression
    - - It is primarily involved in preparing and maintaining the uterus.
    - - Symptoms
        
        irregular or missed periods
        
        recurrent pregnancy loss
- - - - Prolactin (PRL)
        
        It stimulates lactation, growth of mammary glands and production of milk. It also plays a role in carbohydrate and fat metabolism.
        
        Disease (lack of PRL)
        
        Hypoprolactinaemia
        
        reduced immune responses to some infections.
        
        insufficient milk being produced after giving birth
      - Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
        
        It influences skin pigmentation in some vertebrates and fat metabolism in mammals.
        
        Disease (lack of MSH)
        
        Symptoms
        
        increased inflammation, pain, and sleeping problems
        
        reduction in the levels of anti-diuretic hormone
      - Growth Hormone (GH)
        
        It promotes growth directly and has diverse metabolic effects. It stimulates muscles, bones and cartilage grow.
        
        Disease (lack of GH)
        
        Symptoms
        
        A higher level of body fat, especially around the waist
        
        Anxiety and depression
        
        Feelings of being isolated from other people
        
        Reduced bone density and a tendency to have more bone fractures as they get older
      - Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
        
        It controls secretion of hormones from thyroid gland.
        
        Disease (lack of TSH)
        
        Hypothyroidism
        
        Fatigue.
        
        Increased sensitivity to cold
        
        Muscle weakness
        
        Weight gain
      - Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
        
        It controls secretion of steroid hormones from cortex region of adrenal glands.
        
        Disease (lack of ACTH)
        
        Symptoms
        
        muscle weakness
        
        anorexia
        
        weight loss
      - Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
        
        It stimulates follicle growth and estrogen hormone production during menstrual cycle in females.
        
        Disease (lack of FSH)
        
        Hypogonadotrophic-hypogonadism
        
        delayed puberty and limited sperm production
        
        infertility
      - Luteinizing hormone (LH)
        
        It stimulates ovulation and corpus luteum formation.
        
        It controls the production of estrogen and progesterone hormones from corpus luteum in females.
        
        It stimulates testosterone hormone production in testes.
        
        Disease (lack of LH)
        
        gonad development failure
        
        lack of sexual interest
        
        fatigue
    - - Oxytocin
        
        Oxytocin induces uterine contractions
        and the release of milk.
        
        Disease (lack of oxytocin)
        
        prevent the milk-ejection reflex and prevent breastfeeding.
      - Antidiuretic Hormone or Vazopressin (ADH)
        
        ADH enhances water reabsorption from collecting ducts in kidneys resulting less water in urine.
        
        It balance the osmotic pressure of blood.
        
        Disease (lack of ADH)
        
        Diabetes insipidus
        
        Excessive urination
        
        Weak muscles
        
        Dry skin
- - - - Hormones
        
        Adrenaline and Noradrenaline
        
        They are secreted in response to stress-activated impulses from the nervous system.
        
        They mediate various fight-or-flight responses.
        
        Disease
        
        People who don't have enough of the hormone cannot react properly to stressful situations.
    - - The adrenal cortex releases a family of steroids called corticosteroids in response to stress.
        
        ACTH released from anterior pituitary control the adrenal cortex hormones secretion.
        
        Hormones
        
        Aldosteron
        
        It affects salt and water balance in blood.
        
        It stimulates reabsorbtion of sodium and water into the blood and excrete potassium.
        
        Disease
        
        Addison`s disease (lack of aldosterone )
        
        General loss of adrenal function resulting in low blood pressure and an increase in potassium levels in the blood.
        
        Cortisol
        
        It stimulates the production of glucose from fats and aminoacids and reduce inflammation.
        
        It influence glucose metabolism and the immune system.
        
        Disease
        
        Primary adrenal insufficiency or Addison disease(lack of cortisol)
        
        fatigue, muscle loss, weight loss, mood swings, and changes to the skin.
        
        Androgens
        
        Disease
        
        Influences reproductive system in a bad way.
- - - - Testosterone
        
        It is largely responsible for the sex drive and probably aggressiveness.
        
        It stimulates the development of male secondary sex characteristics: large vocal cords, pubic hair, etc.
        
        It stimulates the development and the maintenance of the male reproductive system.
      - Disease (lack of testosterone)
        
        Male hypogonadism
        
        Underdeveloped male genitals
        
        decrease in hair growth on the face and body
        
        Decrease in muscle mass
- - - - Hypoparathyroidism
        
        Blood levels of calcium fall and phosphorous levels rise.
- - - - Anterior Putuitary
        
        FSH/LH
        
        Ovary
        
        Estrogene and progesterone
        
        Uterus