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pretreatments - Coggle Diagram

- - - - acid as katalyst
        
        high T, dilute acids, continuous
      - acid as reagens
        
        low T, concentrated acids, batch
  - - - organic/aqueous solvent mixed with inorganic acid catalyst at high T
      - breaking of internal lignin- and HC bonds; zuivere lignin, cellulose en HC
    - - = gesmolten zouten, vloeibaar bij Tkamer
      - heat biomass dissolved in IL, T>150°C, 90min
      - solubilization of HC and lignin, cellulose dissolution; breaking of H-bonds
    - - mix H-bond donor and -acceptor; eutectic liquid consisting of ions
      - efficient lignin or cellulose removal
- - - - shredding
      - grinding
      - crushing
  - - - steam explosion
        
        shredded biomass mixed with high-P saturated steam; P-drop
        
        smaller particle size, lignin transformation, HC solubilization
      - ammonia fiber explosion (AFEX)
        
        liq ammonia at high T for a certain period; P-drop
        
        high cellulose and HC hydrolysis
      - microwaves
        
        HC solubilization and depolymerization
        
        local hot-spots (molecular radiators) because of superheating solvent; extra breaking of bonds
        
        addition of acid/alkali/solvents; cellulose dissolution and reaction consecutively
      - CO2 explosion
        
        CO2 converts to carbonic acid
        
        HC hydrolysis
      - oven