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:warning:Energy and its transformation :warning: - Coggle Diagram
:warning:Energy and its
transformation :warning:
2- electricity
• It can be easily transformed into other forms of energy, such as
light and heat.
• It can be transported long distances inexpensively and with very
httle energy being lost
2.1. electric power plants
• The turbine converts mechanical energy into the rotating movement
of a shaft
• An alternator has a fixed part, called a stator, and a moving part,
called a rotor, connected to the turbine shaft
2.2. Transport and distribution of electrical energy
• Increasing the voltage to 220 000 V or 400 000 V to prevent significant energy loss, due to the Joule effect
• Transporting it by high voltage cable attached to towers
• Decreasing the voltage at the electncity substations to 3-30 kV
• Distribution to homes, offices, industries and public facilities During this stage, the voltage is reduced to 230-400 V.
3- conventional electric power plants
3.2. fossil fuel thermal power plants
At this type of power plant, water is heated in a boiler by the heat
generated from the combustion of a fossil fuel, usually natural gas or coal
The steam that's generated moves the turbine connected to the generator
combined cycle power plant
3.3. hydroelectric power plants
Gravity-driven hydraulic power plants
• water used follows the course of a river and will not be reused
Pump-dniven hydraulic power plants
• wa ter descends into a reservoir located at a lowerheight, then pumped to a higher reservoir to reuse it
3.1. nuclear power plants
This type of plant tm.ludes a nuclear fission reactor that produr.es the
pressunsed steam needed to move the turbme rotor.
URANIUM is the main fuel used
4- non-conventional electric power plants
4.1. wind power plants and wind farms
These power plants use the kinetic energy uf the wind to move
the blades of a rotor at the top of a tower, this is referred to as the wind turbine.
Wind farms are a clean form of generating electnmty However, they
can only be instafled in plat.es with appropnate wind conditions.
4.3. goethermal power plants
These plants use the heat found at deep levels in the earth. This heat
may reach the surface in the form of steam, gases or hot water. Geothermal energy may be used directly — for hot water and heating,
industnal use and so on — and indirectly — the heat generates steam, which produces electricity
4.2. solar power plants
photo-thermal power plan
In this type of power plant, the heat generated by solar radiation produces steam that is used to move the rotor in the generator
To do this, they use special mirrors, called heliostats, hat reflect sunlight and concentrate it at one point, where
it reaches a high temperature
photovaltic power plant
These power plants consist of large areas of photovoltaic panels There are also isolated power plants that are very small in size, which are used to supply electricity to home in rural areas.
4.4. biomass thermal power plants
Biomass consists of all organic compounds that are produced through natural processes They may come from the following sources.
·Forestry and agricultural waste.
·Specific and agricultural waste.
·Waste from agri-food industries.
This type of fuel Is burnt at biomass power plants. The steam that is
generated moves the turbine.
4.5. ocean power plants
· The mechanical energy from the tides.
· The mechanical energy from the waves.
·The energy from the ocean's thermal gradient.
1- energy sources
household uses: the operating of electrical appliances, hot water systems, heating systems, heat for cooking and for means of transport.
industrial uses: the operatingof factories and companies
by origin
by environmental impact
by availabity in nature and capacity for regeneration
by use in each country
5- environmental impact
5.2- Environmental impacts
Fuel transport
Oil is transported by means of oil pipelines and oil tankers.
Oil pipehnes can suffer accidents caused by nature or human error, which result in uncontrolled spills.
Elevtricity generation
C onventional thermal power plants can cause numerous problems
and environmental hazards.
N uclear thermal power plants are accompanied by the nsk of
nuclear accidents and the problem of nuclear waste
La rge hydroelectric power plants require water reservoirs covenng
large areas, which protoundly change the natural cycle of overs,
Extraction of natural resources
The exploitation of fossil fuels and nuclear power means the depletion
of resources, which makes it necessary to find new ones
Final energy use
Thc fuels we use in vehicles and heating systems emit gases and
part«.les similar to those generated by convenuonal thermal power plants.
5.3- Waste treatment
To reduce the waste generated by thermal power plants, as well as their effects, several measures can be taken
• Use coal with a low sulphur content, to reduce acid ram.
• Ma intain and increase the size of large forested areas, since they
absorb carbon dioxide.
• Install special filters on the pipes at the power plant to capture
some of the gas pollutants
Waste from nuclear power plants is stored in drums with thick
~ide~ that do not let the nuclear radiation escape These are then stored in ocean trenches and underground.
5.1- Environmental impact assessment
As part of a technicaj proiect, it's mandatory to carry out an environmental impact assessment to find out what changes it would provoke in the enviromet
5.4 Some solutions
Below is a summary of different possible solutions to alleviate some of
the environmental problems described
Energy savings
Energy diversification
Efficiency