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ENERGY - Coggle Diagram

- - - - ENERGY SOURCES
        
        ENERGY SOURCES: Natural resourcesfrom which we obtain different forms of energy.
        
        Classification
        
        BY ORIGIN
        
        Secondary
        
        Primary
        
        BY USE IN EACH COUNTRY
        
        Conventional
        
        Non-conventional
        
        BY AVAILABILITY IN NATURE AND CAPACITY FOR REGENERATION
        
        Non-renewable
        
        Renewable
        
        BY ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
        
        Pollutants
        
        Clean or non-polluting
        
        INDUSTRIAL USES: Construction, agriculture...
        
        HOUSEHOLD USES: Hot water systems, heat for cooking...
- - - - ELECTRICITY
        
        Transport and distribution of electrical energy
        
        Transport by high voltage cables
        
        Decrease the voltage at the electricity substations
        
        Increase the voltage
        
        Distribution
        
        Electric power plants
        
        Alternator
        
        Fixed part: Stator
        
        Moving part: Rotor
        
        Turbine: Converts mechanical energy into rotating movement of a shaft
        
        Electricity can be easily transformed and transported long distances
- - - - CONVENTIONAL ELECTRIC POWER PLANTS
        
        FOSSIL FUEL THERMAL POWER PLANTS
        
        Combined cycle power plant
        
        Second cycle: Air is mixed with the gas and is burnt. Combustion gases are transported to a boiler, where they transfer their energy to the water
        
        First cycle: A gas turbine is used that includes a compressor
        
        Water is heated in a boiler
        
        HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANTS
        
        Types
        
        Pump-driven hydraulic power plants: Water descens into a reservoir at a lower height, then pumped to a higher reservoir to reuse it.
        
        Gravity-driven hydraulic power plants: Water follows the course of a river and will not be reused
        
        Transform water into kinetic energy, it moves the blades of the turbine
        
        NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
        
        Main fuel: Uranium
        
        Main advantage: High return on their energy production
        
        Nuclear fission reactor
- - - - NON-CONVENTIONAL ELECTRIC POWER PLANTS
        
        SOLAR POWER PLANTS
        
        PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER PLANT
        
        Solar radiation is transformed directly into electricity by panels of photovoltaic cells.
        
        These plants consist of large areas of photovoltaic panels.
        
        Thay are isolated power plants that are very small in size
        
        Use: Supply electricty to homes in rural areas
        
        PHOTO-THERMAL POWER PLANT
        
        Heliostats reflect sunlight at one point, where it reaches a high temperature
        
        Steam is used to move the rotor in the generator
        
        WIND POWER PLANTS AND WIND FARMS
        
        Wind farms are a clean form of generating electricity. They need appropiate wind conditions
        
        Use kinetic energy of the wind to move the blades of a rotor at the top of the tower (wind turbine)
        
        The power generated is between 1MW and 10MW
        
        ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
        
        Advantages: Contaminate less, use renewable sources and reduce the energy dependence of petroleum and natural gas.
        
        Disadvantage: Generate much less energy, since they use diffuse energy sources
        
        BIOMASS THERMAL POWER PLANTS
        
        Sources
        
        Specific crops, such as sunflowers and sugar beet
        
        Waste from agri-food industries
        
        Forestry and agricultural waste
        
        Biomass produce fuel such as charcoal, alcohol or biogas
        
        Biomass: Organic compounds that are produced through natural processes
        
        This fuel is burnt at biomass power plants. The steam generated moves the turbine.
        
        OCEAN POWER PLANTS
        
        Use energy from the seas and oceans
        
        Mechanical energy from the tides
        
        Mechanical energy from the waves
        
        Energy from the ocean's thermal gradient
        
        They are in the experimental phase and their level of produvtion is still very low.
        
        GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT
        
        Use heat found at deep levels
        
        Geothermal energy can be used directly or indirectly
        
        Directly: Hot water and heating, industrial use...
        
        Indirectly: Heat generates steam, which produces electricty
- - - - ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
        
        ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
        
        Fossil fuel thermal power plant
        
        Non-renewable energy
        
        Great capacity and high performance
        
        Atmospheric pollution from gas combustion and warm water released from the cooling system
        
        Respiratory diseases, increasement of the greenhouse effect and negative impact in ecosystems
        
        Nuclear plant
        
        Non-renewable energy
        
        Great capacity and high performance
        
        Danger of radiation contamination and non-recyclable waste pollutants
        
        Risk of radioactive emissions, danger of nuclear disaster and radioactive waste.
        
        Hydroelectric plant
        
        Renewable energy
        
        Great capacity and high performance
        
        Change in the natural environment, some lands are left underwater and diverting of the natural course
        
        Risk of disaster if a dam breaks and risk of disappearence of flora and fauna
        
        Wind power plant
        
        Renewable energy
        
        Reduces dependence on other fuels, clean and possible domestic production
        
        Visual and sound impact and non-polluting
        
        Low levels of performance, discontinuous and random and risk of accidents
        
        Solar plant
        
        Renewable energy
        
        Reduces dependence on other fuels, clean and possible production for own use
        
        Affects ecosystems as it covers large areas and non-polluting
        
        Low levels of performance, high installation costs and discontinuous and random
        
        Biomass plant
        
        Renewable energy
        
        Reduces dependence on other fuels and reuses forestry and household waste
        
        Beneficial if used corrected
        
        Excessive exploitation of natural resources and increases the greenhouse effect
        
        Ocean power plant
        
        Environmental changes resulting from required construction work
        
        Renewable energy
        
        Reduces dependence on other fuels and it's clean and quiet
        
        High installation costs and low levels of performance
- - - - ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
        
        WASTE TREATMENT
        
        To reduce waste of thermal power plants
        
        Use coal with low sulphur content
        
        Increase the size of forested areas
        
        Install filters
        
        To reduce waste of nuclear power plants
        
        Stored in drums and then in ocean trenches and underground
        
        Drums can corroding and the radioactive material leaking out of them
        
        ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
        
        Electricty generation
        
        Large hydroelectric power plants
        
        2 more items...
        
        Conventional thermal power plants
        
        4 more items...
        
        Nuclear thermal power plants
        
        2 more items...
        
        Fuel transport
        
        Oil is transported by means of oil pipelines and oil tankers
        
        Oil pipelines can suffer accidents that can result in spills
        
        Oil tankers can have accidents at the sea, causing oil spills
        
        Some spills have caused oil slicks
        
        Extraction of natural resources
        
        Depletion of resources
        
        Fuel extraction is harmful for the environment
        
        Timber extraction has led to dissapearence of large areas of forest
        
        Final energy use
        
        When we turn on an electrical appliance we are consuming energy that has caused several environmental problems during its extraction
        
        The fuels we use in vehicles emit gases and particles
        
        SOME SOLUTIONS
        
        Efficiency
        
        Noticeably reduce the enrgy we consume
        
        Examples: Low fuel consumption cars, electric car and better home insulation
        
        Increase efficiency of everyday appliances
        
        Energy diversification
        
        Use of renewable energy
        
        Produce energy through alternative power plants
        
        Energy savings
        
        Reduce consumption of all forms of energy
        
        Adoption of more environmentally friendly habits
        
        Examples: Use public transport or bicycles and change consumption habits