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Industrial Importance (Group 10) - Coggle Diagram
Industrial Importance (Group 10)
Alkaline Enzymes for Industry
Alkaline cellulase
Biopolishing
Cellulase eliminate the rough cellulose lumps formed in cloth
Providing an even finish to the fabric and also a brighter colour
Biostoning
Biostoning is a non-abrasive process which cause less damage to the denims
Neutral and acidic cellulase cause back staining of indigo dye while alkaline cellulase able to diminish indigo back staining under alkaline environment.
Cellulases have replaced pumic stones in stonewashing of denims
Paper recycling
The ink will dislodged and been removed through washing or floatation.
Alkaline cellulase work better than neutral cellulase as this process work best at alkaline conditions.
Cellulase aid in deinking of paper by acting directly onto the paper fiber.
Alkaline xylanase
Bleaching of lignin of kraft pulp
Using xylanase will not produce dioxins, toxic chemical compounds as oppose to bleaching using chlorine
Solubility of xylanase in water is increased in high pH level.
Alkaline protease
Dehairing
Keratinolytic enzyme used in dehairing of hide
Non-collagenous hide components are subjected to protease-mediated hydrolysis which cause more rapid water absorption, reduced soaking time and less harmful and polluting chemicals will be used in dehairing
Most keratinases are serine or metalloprotease which function best at neutral to alkaline pH
Decompose X-ray film
Used in decompose the gelatinous coating of X-ray films which silver could be recovered
Protease enzyme used was most active toward gelatin at pH10.
Used as detergent additives
Alkaline proteases produced by alkaliphilic
Bacillus
strain
Able to maintain activity in the presence of other substances that make up the detergent formulation such as surfactants.
Alkaline Amylase
Production of cyclodextrin
Cyclodextrins are cyclic oligosaccharides with alpha-, beta-, and gamma- types
Cyclodextrins are used as safety molecular capsules for volatile material due to its hydrophobic cavity
Converting starch to cyclodextrins required alkaliphilic bacterial CGTase
Usage in detergent
Detergents for clothes and food dishes are both alkaline
A-amylose from alkaliphilic bacteria is able to degrade starch strains from clothes and dishwares.
Alkaline Lipase
Biofuel Synthesis
LipSB 25-4 is an enzyme with optimum pH and temperature 8.0 and 50C respectively.
It can synthesize biodiesel by transesterification reaction from olive oil.
Antibiotic production
Alkaliphiles produce useful metabolites including antibiotics.
Example
Paecilomyces lilacinus
1907
found in soil and produce a major product, 1907-II and a minor product, 1907-VIII which has antibacterial and antifungal activities.
Example
Nocardiopsis dassonvillei
strain OPC-15
produce phenazine antibiotics such as 1,6-dihydroxyphenazin and 1,6-dihydroxyphenazine 3,5-dioxide.
Waste Treatment
Alkaliphiles play important role for the removal of waste products.
Example
Bacillus sp. KSM-635
produce alkaline cellulases which can improve the cleaning effect of detergents to treat human waste
Example
Citricoccus alkalitolerans
CSB1
good absorbent for significant reduction in the pollution load of the waste water in terms of reduced level of BOD, COD, Chromium, total hardness, chloride and alkalinity due its ability to growth at alkaline pH and ability of salt tolerance
Genetic applications of alkaliphiles
Fermentation industry
production of extracellular proteins
Example
Escherichia coli
widely used in genetic engineering experiments
because it has been extensively studied and much known about its genetics and biochemistry.
can be modified to secrete recombinant DNA products and produce desire proteins.
Alkaline cellulases from alkaliphilic Bacillus
produce alkaline exoenzymes and found a possible use for alkaline cellulases as an additive for improving the cleaning effect of detergents
